Question

what is matter with explanations

Answer 1

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Introduction to matter

Matter is anything, such as a solid, liquid or gas, that has weight (mass) and occupies space. For anything to occupy space, it must have volume. Thinking about it, everything on earth has weight and takes up space, and that means everything on earth is matter.
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Anything that has mass is made up of matter – an all-encompassing word for atoms and molecules that make up our physical world. We describe this matter as existing in states (sometimes referred to as phases). Most people are familiar with three states of matter – solids, liquids and gases – but there are two more that are less commonly known but just as important – plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates.



Three states of matter

Solids, liquids and gases are three states of matter. In solids, the particles are tightly packed together. In liquids, the particles have more movement, while in gases, they are spread out. Particles in chemistry can be atoms, ions or molecules.

It is important to understand the particle nature of matter. The particles that make up matter are not ‘small bits of solid’ or ‘small drops of liquid’ but atoms and molecules. The physical characteristics of those atoms and molecules decide its state.

Solid



Gallium crystal

Gallium is an uncommon metal that exists in a liquid and solid form. This gallium crystal would melt if you handled it.

Something is usually described as a solid if it can hold its own shape and is hard to compress (squash). The molecules in a solid are closely packed together – they have a high density.

Right now, you are probably sitting on a chair, using a mouse or a keyboard that is resting on a desk – all those things are solids.

Liquid

In liquids, the molecules have the ability to move around and slide past each other. A liquid will take on the shape of the container it is being held in. While a liquid is easier to compress than a solid, it is still quite difficult – imagine trying to compress water in a confined container!

Water is an example of a liquid, and so is milk, juice and the petrol you put in the car.

Gas

In gases, the atoms are much more spread out than in solids or liquids, and the atoms collide randomly with one another. A gas will fill any container, but if the container is not sealed, the gas will escape. Gas can be compressed much more easily than a liquid or solid.

Right now, you are breathing in air – a mixture of gases containing many elements such as oxygen, nitrogenand carbon.

Plasma

Plasma is very similar to gas, In fact, the easiest way to describe plasma is as a gas that can carry an electrical charge. Plasma is a form of matter that exists when atoms are in an excited state. They are so excited that they jump an energy level and, in doing so, give off light. Plasma particles are spread out and move around randomly, but unlike gas, they contain some free ions and electrons, which gives plasma its ability to conduct electricity.

On Earth, plasmas are commonly found in some kinds of fluorescent lights and neon signs. Another form of plasma on Earth happens during storms as lightning.



Lightning

A lightning storm is an example of plasma, one of the known states of matter. Plasma is atoms in a very excited state and giving off light.

Auroras are another form of plasma, where atoms in the upper atmosphere are affected by particles coming in from outer space. The most common form of plasma is in the stars – our Sun exists in the plasma state. Overall, plasmas are the most common state of matter – they make up 99% of the visible universe.

Find out more about gases and plasmas in this article.

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Answer 2

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Matter is a substance that hasinertia and occupies physical space. According to modern physics, matter consists of various types of particles, each with mass and size.

The most familiar examples of material particles are the electron, the proton and the neutron. Combinations of these particles form atoms. There are more than 100 different kinds of atoms, each kind constituting a unique chemical element. A combination of atoms forms a molecule. Atoms and/or molecules can join together to form a compound.

Matter can exist in several states, also called phases. The three most common states are known assolid, liquid and gas. A single element or compound of matter might exist in more than one of the three states, depending on the temperature and pressure. Less familiar states of matter includeplasma, foam and Bose-Einstein condensate. These states occur under special conditions.

Different kinds of matter can combine to form substances that may not resemble any of the original ingredients. For example, hydrogen (a gaseous element) and oxygen (another gaseous element) combine to form water (a liquid compound at room temperature). The process of such combination is called a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction involves interactions between the electrons of the atoms, but does not affect the nuclei of the atoms.

In some situations, matter is converted into energy by atomic reactions, also known as nuclear reactions. This type of reaction is fundamentally different from the chemical reaction because it involves changes in the nuclei of atoms. The most common example of an atomic reaction is the hydrogen fusion that occurs inside the sun. The immense pressure inside the sun, and inside other stars, forces atoms of hydrogen together to form atoms of helium. In this process, some of the mass is converted to energy according to the formula

E = mc 2

where E is the energy in joules, mis the mass in kilograms, and c is the speed of light, which is approximately 2.99792 x 10 8meters per second in a vacuum.

In recent years, scientists have confirmed the existence of a substance called antimatter. The electron has an antiparticle twin called a positron, with equal mass but opposite electric charge. Similarly, the proton has an antimatter twin called an antiproton, and the neutron has an antimatter twin called an antineutron. If a particle of matter encounters its antiparticle, both are converted entirely to energy according to the above formula, where m is the combined mass of the particle and the antiparticle. Small amounts of antimatter have been isolated in laboratory conditions, but no one has yet succeeded in creating a controlled a matter/antimatter reaction, or even an uncontrolled reaction of significant size.

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