what is mean by isoplanogametic copulation and give examples????
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The following section on Schizomycophyta, Amoebozoa and Eumycophyta follows the classification that prevailed from the latter third of the 20th Century until the present. The arrangement of the various subgroups is based on the presumed evolution of the most primitive to the more highly advanced organisms with previous names of groups being included in parentheses. Although further rearrangements are expected as more biological and biochemical data are forthcoming the presented design should enable identification of major orders, families and genera. Emphasis has been placed on morphological and behavioral characteristics, and a simple diagrammatic style is used for most of the illustrations. A binocular microscope with a 20X magnification is advisable for students wishing to view living and preserved specimens. Greater detail on a particular group of fungi may be found by referring to publications listed in the References or through Internet searches.
This is a self-contained database with a minimum of links outside its limits. Independent Internet searches are encouraged for greater detail on a particular fungal group.
Background & Overview
The first scientific effort to classify the fungi was made by Anton De Bary in 1860. He divided the fungi into four groups: Saprophytes (nutrients derived from dean organic material), Facultative Parasites (able to become parasitic but generally saprophytic, Facultative Saprophytes (able to become saprophytic but generally parasitic, and Parasites (only able to survive on a living host).
Mycology was originally a branch of botany, but fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants albeit this was not widely accepted until the late 20th Century. There have been many schemes developed to classify organisms (see Systems & Kingdoms) and fungi in particular. Two contemporary proposals to classify fungi are shown in Table 1 & Table 2. Historically, the bacteria and slime molds were also included under the broad group "Fungi" until they were separated into "Kingdoms" of their own (Table 1) (Also See Wikipedia). All of these are alike in one respect: they lack chlorophyll and thus cannot make their own food. They, like animals, depend for their food either directly or indirectly on green plants.
The following sections discuss diagnostic structures that aid in the identification of the major organism groups in an arrangement that begins with primitive forms and proceeds to the more advanced. Included are Bacteria (Monera, Schizomycophyta), Slime Molds (Amoebozoa), and the True Fungi (Eumycophyta) and their principal Classes: Zygomycota (zygote fungi), Ascomycota (sac fungi), Basidiomycota (higher fungi), and Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti). Representative Genera and some species of major families are included. Of special interest is that sexual processes that appear throughout these groups gradually disappear as they ascend the evolutionary ladder. The systematic study of these organisms is scarcely two hundred years old, but humans have known the manifestations of this group of organisms for thousands of years. Yet today few realize how intimately our lives are linked with them. They plan such an important role in the slow but constant changes taking place around us because of their ubiquity and their amazingly large numbers. They are the agents responsible for much of the disintegration of organic matter, and as such they affect us directly by destroying food and fiber and other goods that are manufactured from raw materials subject to their attack. They cause the majority of plant diseases and man7y diseases of animals and humans. They are the basis of a number of industrial processes involving fermentation, such as making wines, bread, beers and even the fermentation of the cacao bean and the preparation of certain cheese. They are deployed in the commercial preparation of many organic acids and of some vitamins, and are responsible for the manufacture of a number of antibiotic drugs, notably penicillin. Fungi in particular are both destructive and beneficial to agriculture. On the one hand they do extensive damage to crops by causing plant disease, while on the other they increase the fertility of the soil by inducing various changes that eventually result in the release of plant nutrients in a form available to green plants. Their widespread use as edible food in the form of mushrooms also should not be overlooked.
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