Question

what is mean of mill, s method

Answer 1

If two or more instances of the phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of the given phenomenon.

— John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Vol. 1. 1843. p. 454.

For a property to be a necessary condition it must always be present if the effect is present. Since this is so, then we are interested in looking at cases where the effect is present and taking note of which properties, among those considered to be 'possible necessary conditions' are present and which are absent. Obviously, any properties which are absent when the effect is present cannot be necessary conditions for the effect. This method is also referred to more generally within comparative politics as the most different systems design. Symbolically, the method of agreement can be represented as:

A B C D occur together with w x y zA E F G occur together with w t u v——————————————————Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, of w.

To further illustrate this concept, consider two structurally different countries. Country A is a former colony, has a centre-left government, and has a federal system with two levels of government. Country B has never been a colony, has a centre-left government and is a unitary state. One factor that both countries have in common, the dependent variable in this case, is that they have a system of universal health care. Comparing the factors known about the countries above, a comparative political scientist would conclude that the government sitting on the centre-left of the spectrum would be the independent variable which causes a system of universal health care, since it is the only one of the factors examined which holds constant between the two countries, and the theoretical backing for that relationship is sound; social democratic (centre-left) policies often include universal health care.

Method of differenceEdit

If an instance in which the phenomenon under investigation occurs, and an instance in which it does not occur, have every circumstance save one in common, that one occurring only in the former; the circumstance in which alone the two instances differ, is the effect, or cause, or a necessary part of the cause, of the phenomenon.

— John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Vol. 1. 1843. p. 455.

This method is also known more generally as the most similar systems design within comparative politics.

A B C D occur together with w x y zB C D occur together with x y z——————————————————Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of w.



Joint method of agreement and differenceEdit



— John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Vol. 1. 1843. p. 463.

Also called simply the "joint method, " this principle simply represents the application of the methods of agreement and difference.

Symbolically, the Joint method of agreement and difference can be represented as:

A B C occur together with x y zA D E occur together with x v w also B C occur with y z——————————————————Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of x.Method of residueEdit

Subduct[2] from any phenomenon such part as is known by previous inductions to be the effect of certain antecedents, and the residue of the phenomenon is the effect of the remaining antecedents.

— John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Vol. 1. 1843. p. 465.



Symbolically, the Method of Residue can be represented as:

A B C occur together with x y zB is known to be the cause of yC is known to be the cause of z——————————————————Therefore A is the cause or effect of x.Method of concomitant variationsEdit

Whatever phenomenon varies in any manner whenever another phenomenon varies in some particular manner, is either a cause or an effect of that phenomenon, or is connected with it through some fact of causation.

— John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Vol. 1. 1843. p. 470.



Symbolically, the method of concomitant variation can be represented as (with ± representing a shift):

A B C occur together with x y zA± B C results in x± y z.—————————————————————Therefore A and x are causally connected

Answer 2

Direct method of agreement. If two or more instances of the phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of the given phenomenon. — John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Vol. 1.