Question

What is meant bu internal and external frontier of the sultanatr?

Answer 1

Internal frontiers of the sultanateconsisted of the hinterland of the garrison towns. The external frontiersrefer to the unconquered territories especially in the southern parts of the subcontinent.

Answer 2

The “internal” frontiers of the Sultanate means the consolidation of the hinterlands of the garrison towns. During these campaigns, forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter-gatherers and pastoralists were expelled from their habitat and these lands were handed over to the peasants. They also promoted regional trade through the establishment of New fortresses and garrison towns.

The “external” frontiers of the Sultanate meant the military expeditions into southern parts of India, which started during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and ended with the reign of Muhammad Tughluq.