Question

What is meant by internal and external frontiers of sultanate

Answer 1

Internal frontiers of the sultanateconsisted of the hinterland of the garrison towns. The external frontiersrefer to the unconquered territories especially in the southern parts of the subcontinent.

Answer 2

Answer:

The first set of campaigns along the “internal frontier” of the Sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterlands of the garrison towns. During these campaigns forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter gatherers and pastoralists expelled from their habitat. These lands were given to peasants and agriculture was encouraged. New fortresses and towns were established to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade. The second expansion occurred along the “external frontier” of the Sultanate. Military expeditions into southern India started during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and culminated with Muhammad Tughluq. In their campaigns, Sultanate armies captured elephants, horses and slaves and carried away precious metals.

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