Question

what is meant by
logical operation​

Answer 1

A function on binary variables whose output is also a binary variable. Logical operations are the function of logic gates in digital circuits. Logical operations include AND, OR, NOT, and combinations of those operations. See more at Boolean algebra.

Answer 2

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What is meant by logical operation?

Logical operators

There are three logical operators in JavaScript: || (OR), && (AND), ! (NOT).

Although they are called “logical”, they can be applied to values of any type, not only boolean. Their result can also be of any type.

Let’s see the details.

|| (OR)

The “OR” operator is represented with two vertical line symbols:

result = a || b;

In classical programming, the logical OR is meant to manipulate boolean values only. If any of its arguments are true, it returns true, otherwise it returns false.

In JavaScript, the operator is a little bit trickier and more powerful. But first, let’s see what happens with boolean values.

There are four possible logical combinations:

alert( true || true ); // true alert( false || true ); // true alert( true || false ); // true alert( false || false ); // false

As we can see, the result is always true except for the case when both operands are false.

If an operand is not a boolean, it’s converted to a boolean for the evaluation.

For instance, the number 1 is treated as true, the number 0 as false:

if (1 || 0) { // works just like if( true || false ) alert( 'truthy!' ); }

Most of the time, OR || is used in an if statement to test if any of the given conditions is true.

For example:

let hour = 9; if (hour < 10 || hour > 18) { alert( 'The office is closed.' ); }

We can pass more conditions:

let hour = 12; let isWeekend = true; if (hour < 10 || hour > 18 || isWeekend) { alert( 'The office is closed.' ); // it is the weekend }

OR “||” finds the first truthy value

The logic described above is somewhat classical. Now, let’s bring in the “extra” features of JavaScript.

The extended algorithm works as follows.

Given multiple OR’ed values:

result = value1 || value2 || value3;

The OR || operator does the following:

Evaluates operands from left to right.

For each operand, converts it to boolean. If the result is true, stops and returns the original value of that operand.

If all operands have been evaluated (i.e. all were false), returns the last operand.

A value is returned in its original form, without the conversion.

In other words, a chain of OR || returns the first truthy value or the last one if no truthy value is found.

For instance:

alert( 1 || 0 ); // 1 (1 is truthy) alert( null || 1 ); // 1 (1 is the first truthy value) alert( null || 0 || 1 ); // 1 (the first truthy value) alert( undefined || null || 0 ); // 0 (all falsy, returns the last value)

This leads to some interesting usage compared to a “pure, classical, boolean-only OR”.

Getting the first truthy value from a list of variables or expressions.

For instance, we have firstName, lastName and nickName variables, all optional (i.e. can be undefined or have falsy values).

Let’s use OR || to choose the one that has the data and show it (or "Anonymous" if nothing set):

let firstName = ""; let lastName = ""; let nickName = "SuperCoder"; alert( firstName || lastName || nickName || "Anonymous"); // SuperCoder

If all variables were falsy, "Anonymous" would show up.

Short-circuit evaluation.

Another feature of OR || operator is the so-called “short-circuit” evaluation.

It means that || processes its arguments until the first truthy value is reached, and then the value is returned immediately, without even touching the other argument.

That importance of this feature becomes obvious if an operand isn’t just a value, but an expression with a side effect, such as a variable assignment or a function call.

In the example below, only the second message is printed:

true || alert("not printed"); false || alert("printed");

In the first line, the OR || operator stops the evaluation immediately upon seeing true, so the alert isn’t run.

Sometimes, people use this feature to execute commands only if the condition on the left part is falsy.

&& (AND)

The AND operator is represented with two ampersands &&:

result = a && b;

In classical programming, AND returns true if both operands are truthy and false otherwise:

alert( true && true ); // true alert( false && true ); // false alert( true && false ); // false alert( false && false ); // false

An example with if:

let hour = 12; let minute = 30; if (hour == 12 && minute == 30) { alert( 'The time is 12:30' ); }

Just as with OR, any value is allowed as an operand of AND:

if (1 && 0) { // evaluated as true && false alert( "won't work, because the result is falsy" ); }

AND “&&” finds the first falsy value

Given multiple AND’ed values:

result = value1 && value2 && value3;

The AND && operator does the following:

Evaluates operands from left to right.

For each operand, converts it to a boolean. If the result is false, stops and returns the original value of that operand.

If all operands have been evaluated (i.e. all were truthy), returns the last operand.