what is meant by parasitic plants name their different types with examples of each
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Answer:
Parasitic plants are that which take nutrients from their host making the host weak.
eg. Dodder , etc
A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirement from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are in almost every biome in the world. All parasitic plants have modified roots, called haustoria, which penetrates the host plants, connecting them to the conductive system – either the xylem, the phloem, or both. For example, plants like Striga or Rhinanthus connect only to the xylem, via xylem bridges (xylem-feeding). Alternately, plants like Cuscuta and Orobanche connect only to the phloem of the host (phloem-feeding).[1] This provides them with the ability to extract water and nutrients from the host. Parasitic plants are classified depending on where the parasitic plant latches onto the host and the amount of nutrients it requires.[2] Some parasitic plants are able to locate their host plants by detecting chemicals in the air or soil given off by host shoots or roots, respectively. About 4,500 species of parasitic plant in approximately 20 families of flowering plants are known.
Parasitic plants occur in multiple plant families, indicating that the evolution is polyphyletic. Some families are comprised mostly of parasitic representatives such as Balanophoraceae, while other families have only a few representatives. One example is the North American Monotropa uniflora (Indian pipe or corpse plant) which is a member of the Ericaceae (or heath) family, better known for its members blueberries, cranberries, and rhododendrons.
Parasitic plants are characterized as follows:[2]
1a. Obligate parasite – a parasite that cannot complete its life cycle without a host.
1b. Facultative parasite – a parasite that can complete its life cycle independent of a host.
2a. Stem parasite – a parasite that attaches to the host stem.
2b. Root parasite – a parasite that attaches to the host root.
3a. Hemiparasite – a plant parasitic under natural conditions, but photosynthetic to some degree. Hemiparasites may just obtain water and mineral nutrients from the host plant; many obtain at least part of their organic nutrients from the host as well.
3b. Holoparasite - a parasitic plant that derives all of its fixed carbon from the host plant. Commonly lacking chlorophyll, holoparasites are often colors other than green.
For hemiparasites, one from each of the three sets of terms can be applied to the same species, e.g.
Nuytsia floribunda (Western Australian Christmas tree) is an obligate root hemiparasite.
Rhinanthus (e.g. Yellow rattle) is a facultative root hemiparasite.
Mistletoe is an obligate stem hemiparasite.
Holoparasites are always obligate so only two terms are needed, e.g.
Dodder is a stem holoparasite.
Hydnora spp. are root holoparasites.
Plants usually considered holoparasites include broomrape, dodder, Rafflesia, and the Hydnoraceae. Plants usually considered hemiparasites include Castilleja, mistletoe, Western Australian Christmas tree, and yellow rattle.
Parasitic behavior evolved in angiosperms roughly 12-13 times independently, a classic example of convergent evolution. Roughly 1% of all angiosperm species are parasitic, with a large degree of host dependence. The taxonomic family Orobanchaceae (encompassing the genera Tryphysaria, Striga, and Orobanche) is the only family that contains both holoparasitic and hemiparasitic species, making it a model group for studying the evolutionary rise of parasitism. The remaining groups contain only hemiparasites or holoparasites.
The evolutionary event which gave rise to parasitism in plants was the development of haustoria. The first, most ancestral, haustoria are thought to be similar to that of the facultative hemiparasites within Tryphysaria, lateral haustoria develop along the surface of the roots in these species. Later evolution led to the development of terminal or primary haustoria at the tip of the juvenile radicle, seen in obligate hemiparasitic species within Striga. Lastly, obligate holoparasitic behavior originated with the loss of the photosynthetic process, seen in the genus Orobanche.
To maximize resources, many parasitic plants have evolved self-incompatibility, to avoid parasitizing themselves. Others such as Triphysaria usually avoid parasitizing other members of their species, but some parasitic plants have no such limits.The albino redwood is a mutant Sequoia sempervirens that produces no chlorophyll; they live on sugars from neighbouring trees, usually the parent tree from which they have grown (via a somatic mutation).
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