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The Khalji or Khilji[a] dynasty was a Turko-Afghan[2][3][4][5] dynasty which ruled on the Delhi sultanate, covering large parts of the Indian subcontinent for nearly three decades between 1290 and 1320.[6][7][8] Founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji as the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India,[9] it came to power through a revolution that marked the transfer of power from the monopoly of Turkish nobles to a heterogeneous Indo-Mussalman nobility.[10] Its rule is known for conquests into present day South India[6] and successfully fending off the repeated Mongol invasions of India.[11][12] The Khaljis of the Khalji Dynasty were of Turko-Afghan[2][3][4][5] origin whose ancestors, the Khalaj, are said to have migrated from Central Asia and settled in southern and eastern regions of modern-day Afghanistan for over 200 years before finally moving to India.They were treated entirely as Afghans by the Turkic nobles of the Delhi Sultanate during the reign of the Khalji Sultanate. [13][14][15][16]
The modern Pashto-speaking Ghilji Pashtuns are also descendants of the Khalaj people. Between the 10th and 13th centuries, some sources refer to the Khalaj people as of Turkic, but some others do not.[17] Ibn Khordadbeh (9th century) mentions the Khalaj people while describing the "land of the Turks". Minorsky argues that the early history of the Khalaj tribe is obscure and adds that the identity of the name Khalaj is still to be proved.[18] Mahmud al-Kashgari (11th century) does not include the Khalaj among the Oghuz Turkic tribes, but includes them among the Oghuz-Turkman (where Turkman meant "Like the Turks") tribes. Kashgari felt the Khalaj did not belong to the original stock of Turkish tribes but had associated with them and therefore, in language and dress, often appeared "like Turks".[17] The 11th century Tarikh-i Sistan and the Firdausi's Shahnameh also distinguish and differentiate the Khalaj from the Turks.[19] Minhaj-i-Siraj Juzjani (13th century) never identified Khalaj as Turks, but was careful not to refer to them as Pashtuns. They were always a category apart from Turks, Tajiks and Pashtuns.[17] Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's Jahan-nama explicitly describes them as Turkic,[20] although he notes that their complexion had become darker (compared to the Turks) and their language had undergone enough alterations to become a distinct dialect. The modern historian Irfan Habib has argued that the Khaljis were not related to the Turkic people and were instead ethnic Pashtuns. Habib pointed out that, in some 15th-century Devanagari Sati inscriptions, the later Khaljis of Malwa have been referred to as "Khalchi" and "Khilchi", and that the 17th century chronicle Padshahnama, an area near Boost in Afghanistan (where the Khalaj once resided) as "Khalich". Habib theorizes that the earlier Persian chroniclers misread the name "Khalchi" as "Khalji" . He also argues that no 13th century source refers to the Turkish background of the Khalji. However, Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's Jahan-nama (c. 1200-1220) described the Khalaj people as a "tribe of Turks" that had been going through a language shift.[20]