what is 'nationalism' and the 'unification of states' how these two are related?
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Nation-states have been formed in the last couple of centuries, both in and beyond Europe, by processes of reform, separation and unification.1 Reform meant ‘nationalising’ the state with little territorial change, as in the cases of France, Spain and Britain. Separation entailed breaking away from a multi-national state, such as the Romanov, Ottoman and Habsburg empires. Unification is the rarest type of nation-state formation and involves bringing together a number of states into a single national state.2 The best-known European cases are Germany and Italy. However, Germany is unique in that this unification process has taken place not once, but twice. Having been unified through a series of wars between 1864 and 1871, expanded through war (1914–18, 1939–45), and contracted after defeat (1919, 1945), Germany was divided again after the Second World War, first into zones and then into separate states. Then in 1989–90 the two states of the Federal Republic and the Democratic Republic were unified. Understandably, many of those involved in this second unification looked back to the first as a model to imitate or to avoid. That looking back was generally shaped by what had gone between, especially two lost wars and the Third Reich, a shared history which had culminated in division but which, if reflected on, might help the citizens of the reunited country to develop a shared responsibility for the future.
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