what is Nucleoplillic substitution
reaction
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Answer:
In organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of reactions in which a leaving group is replaced by an electron rich compound (nucleophile). The whole molecular entity of which the electrophile and the leaving group are part is usually called the substrate.[1][2] The nucleophile essentially attempts to replace the leaving group as the primary substituent in the reaction itself, as a part of another molecule.
The most general form of the reaction may be given as the following:
Nuc: + R-LG → R-Nuc + LG:
The electron pair (:) from the nucleophile (Nuc) attacks the substrate (R-LG) forming a new bond, while the leaving group (LG) departs with an electron pair. The principal product in this case is R-Nuc. The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged.
An example of nucleophilic substitution is the hydrolysis of an alkyl bromide, R-Br, under basic conditions, where the attacking nucleophile is the OH− and the leaving group is Br−.
R-Br + OH− → R-OH + Br−
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are commonplace and they can be broadly categorized as taking place at a saturated aliphatic carbon or at (less often) an aromatic or other unsaturated carbon center.[3]
Answer:
Nucleophilic substitution
Nucleophilic substitution reactions follow SN1 and SN2 mechanisms in which nucleophiles (OH, CN, H2O, NH3) attack positively charged species. Br-exposed surfaces were nucleophilic-substituted by Sodium azide (NAN3), single bondSCN, and cysteine [119]. Balachander and Sukenik used this mechanism in modifying Br-terminated surfaces with NH3, single bondSCN, single bondS22 −, and single bondN3 functional groups, which were confirmed by WCA and XPS [113]. This mechanism has been used for the attachment of peptides, proteins, DNA, and so on [120–122]...
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