what is ovalbumin protein and where is it found?
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1.3.1.1 Ovalbumin
Ovalbumin is the first protein isolated in pure form and is about half of the total egg albumen protein. It is best known for its various biological activities, like anticancer, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immune-modulating activities. Ovalbumin, when denatured by heat, was found to have high antimutagenic activity. An antihypertensive and vasorelaxing octapeptide of ovalbumin, known as ovokinin, stimulates the release of prostacyclin. Two and six ACE-inhibitory peptides, present in ovalbumin, exhibit antihypertensive activity. Among these peptides, two novel peptides with potent ACE-inhibitory activity have been found to reduce the vascular resistance and hence helpful in preventing and treating hypertension. Antimicrobial activity was shown by the peptides of ovalbumin, which were produced by digestion and were active against different strains of bacteria as well as fungi. Water-repelling properties and charge of these peptides, that is, positive charge, are important for bactericidal activity. Ovalbumin hydrolysates are also responsible for antimicrobial and immune-stimulatory activities. Ovalbumin exhibits antimicrobial activity by restricting lipid oxidation. Antioxidant activity can be enhanced by increasing lipid affinity. Ovalbumin induces the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and thus possesses the immune-modulating activity. Ovalbumin peptides possess enhanced immune responses as well as the phagocytic activity of macrophages.