Question

What is phase rule? Explain applications of phase rule
Water-Vapour system.
कार्बोनिल यौगिकों के लिए वुडवर्ड- फीजर नियम को समझाइये
Explain Woodward - Fieser law for carbonyl compounds
व्यापारिक विधि से फीनॉल किस प्रकार बनाया जाता है? फीनॉल
वर्णन कीजिये।
How is phenol prepared by industrial method? Describe t
phenols.
एल्डिहाइड और कीटोन बनाने की तीन सामान्य विधियों का फ
ऐसीटोन का उदाहरण देते हुये वर्णन कीजिये।
giving the examples of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde​

Answer 1

Answer:

• a) Phase rule helps to study different equilibria and classify them accordingly. It indicates behaviour of the system under a particular set of conditions. Different systems with the same degree of freedom behave in a similar manner.
• Gibbs' Phase Rule provides the theoretical foundation, based in thermodynamics, for characterizing the chemical state of a (geologic) system, and predicting the equilibrium relations of the phases (minerals, melts, liquids, vapours) present as a function of physical conditions such as pressure and temperature.

• b) Woodward's rules, named after Robert Burns Woodward and also known as Woodward–Fieser rules (for Louis Fieser) are several sets of empirically derived rules which attempt to predict the wavelength of the absorption maximum (λmax) in an ultraviolet–visible spectrum of a given compound. ...
• c) Most of the industrial methods used for preparing phenols are same as used in the laboratory. ... When sodium salt of benzene sulphonic acid is fused with caustic soda at 3000C,sodium phenoxide is obtained which on acidification produce phenol.
• d)When formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are treated with iodine in NaOH. Acetaldehyde gives yellow color precipitation. But on the other hand, formaldehyde does not react with it. ... Iodoform reaction is used to prove the presence of R−CO−CH3 a group of carbonyl and R−CH(OH)−CH3 alcohol.