what is single and double stranded rna with example
Answers
Answer:
Even though the chemical composition of single stranded and double stranded DNA are the same, they also show some characteristic differences.
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ssDNA vs dsDNA – A Comparison Table.
Sl. No. dsDNA ssDNA
1 Double stranded DNA is linear or filamentous form Single stranded DNA is usually stellate or star shaped
Explanation:
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) have frequently been identified in various healthy plants, from algae through to higher plants. These dsRNAs are not transcribed from the host genome DNAs, and they have important properties in common that differ from those of conventional viruses: (1) most of these dsRNAs have no obvious effect on the phenotype of their host plants; (2) they are present at a constant low concentration in the host plant; (3) they are efficiently transmitted to the next generation via seeds, but their horizontal transfer (infection) to other plants previously referred to as RNA plasmids, enigmatic dsRNAs, or endogenous dsRNAs
Single-stranded RNA genome oligonucleotides derived from HIV or influenza virus, some ds short interference (si) RNAs developed for RNA interference (RNAi), and small synthetic compounds known as imidazoquinolins are recognized by TLR7 in mice and by TLR7 and TLR8 in humans. TLR7 and TLR8 subsequently activate various immune cells that elicit type I IFNs as well as cellular immune responses.25–27 The immunostimulatory effect of these RNAs is abrogated by various types of methylation. In humans, TLR7, but not TLR8, is highly expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cell to produce type I IFNs, while TLR8, but not TLR7, is highly expressed in monocytes to produce proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-12. TLR7 and possibly TLR8 utilize MyD88 as an essential adaptor for downstream signaling pathways. Owing to its ability to stimulate type I IFN production, several TLR7 agonists have been approved for clinical use in various viral infections. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod has been shown to be effective for external genital warts, basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis and is in phase I clinical trials against human papillomavirus.3 Several other synthetic TLR7 agonist compounds have been in phase I or phase II trials against hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and cancer.
Recent evidence suggests that TLR7 also recognizes autoantigens complexed with RNA, such as U1snRNP (nuclear self-antigen) in mice. Thus TLR7 may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), functioning as a double-edged sword similar to the other TLRs.
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