Question

What is SIP? How is its achieved
during production of enzymes ​

Answer 1

Answer:

Bacteria in the genus Bacillus are the source of several enzymes of current industrial interest. Hydrolases, such as amylases, proteases, and lipases, are the main enzymes consumed worldwide and have applications in a wide range of products and industrial processes. Fermentation processes by Bacillus subtilis using cassava wastewater as a substrate are reported in the technical literature; however, the same combination of microorganisms and this culture medium is limited or nonexistent. In this paper, the amylase, protease, and lipase production of ten Bacillus subtilis strains previously identified as biosurfactant producers in cassava wastewater was evaluated. The LB1a and LB5a strains were selected for analysis using a synthetic medium and cassava wastewater and were identified as good enzyme producers, especially of amylases and proteases. In addition, the enzymatic activity results indicate that cassava wastewater was better than the synthetic medium for the induction of these enzymes.

1. Introduction

The species of the genus Bacillus are known to be producers of enzymes of industrial interest. These bacteria are responsible for approximately 50% of the total enzyme market [1], which is estimated at 1.6 billion dollars. One of the primary advantages of using these species for enzyme production is that they are easily grown and maintained in the laboratory because they adapt to changes in the growing conditions that hinder the development and enzymatic synthesis of other microorganisms [2].

Among the different categories of enzymes, hydrolases are those with the largest industrial application, and among these, amylases, in particular alpha- and beta-amylases, have received special attention [3]. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of starch and are produced by a wide range of microorganisms; however, for commercial applications, they are generally derived from Bacillus [1, 3–6], such as B. licheniformis, B. stearothermophilus, and B. amyloliquefaciens. These enzymes are applied to several industrial sectors, such as the food, fermentation, textiles, detergents, and paper industry [3, 5, 6]. The main amylases produced by Bacillus are resistant to heat, which is commercially important because numerous processes require high temperatures. Thus, the sensitivity to heat is no longer a limiting factor for their use [3].

Another relevant group is the proteases, which represent approximately 30% of the total sales of enzymes worldwide [7]. Proteases are predominantly applied to the food, textile, pharmaceutical, and detergent industries [1]. Some microorganisms produce low amounts of these enzymes, which impair their industrial application. However, in most cases, by adopting simple methods, such as the use of a specific and optimized medium, it is possible to increase production yields. The thermostable proteases produced by Bacillus spp. are among the most industrially important ones [7].

Finally, lipases, that is, enzymes that catalyze triacylglycerol hydrolysis, are widely used in organic chemistry due to their high specificity and selectivity [8]. Thus, they have received considerable attention because of their potential use in industrial processes [9], especially as biocatalysts. Among the reasons for the enormous potential of these enzymes are their high stability in organic solvents, the nonrequirement for cofactors, and broad substrate specificity [8]. However, these enzymes are only moderately stable at high temperatures where most industrial processes are performed. This drawback might be solved with the use of lipases produced by thermophilic microorganisms [8]. Bacillus subtilis secretes different lipases that vary according to growth and environmental conditions, pH, and amino acid supply [10].

The aim of this research project was to study the production of amylases, proteases, and lipases by Bacillus subtilis strains previously identified as biosurfactant producers, including the use of cassava wastewater as culture medium.

Explanation:

Mark me as the branliest

Answer 2

Answer:

Systematic Investment Plan

A systematic investment plan is an investment vehicle offered by many mutual funds to investors, allowing them to invest small amounts periodically instead of lump sums. The frequency of investment is usually weekly, monthly or quarterly.

The production of enzymes is often performed at larger scales using fermentation techniques, in particular submerged fermentation (the development of micro-organisms in a liquid broth) and solid-substrate fermentation (the development of micro-organisms on a solid substrate, e.g. rice bran or wheat bran).