what is strong and weakacids ?
Answers
Strong Acids
Strong acids dissociate completely into their ions in water, yielding one or more protons (hydrogen cations) per molecule. There are only 7 common strong acids.
HCl - hydrochloric acid
HNO3 - nitric acid
H2SO4 - sulfuric acid (HSO4- is a weak acid)
HBr - hydrobromic acid
HI - hydroiodic acid
HClO4 - perchloric acid
HClO3 - chloric acid
Examples of ionization reactions include:
HCl → H+ + Cl-
HNO3 → H+ + NO3-
H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42-
Note the production of positively charged hydrogen ions and also the reaction arrow, which only points to the right. All of the reactant (acid) is ionized into product.
Weak Acids
Weak acids do not completely dissociate into their ions in water. For example, HF dissociates into the H+ and F- ions in water, but some HF remains in solution, so it is not a strong acid. There are many more weak acids than strong acids. Most organic acids are weak acids. Here is a partial list, ordered from strongest to weakest.
HO2C2O2H - oxalic acid
H2SO3 - sulfurous acid
HSO4 - - hydrogen sulfate ion
H3PO4 - phosphoric acid
HNO2 - nitrous acid
HF - hydrofluoric acid
HCO2H - methanoic acid
C6H5COOH - benzoic acid
CH3COOH - acetic acid
HCOOH - formic acid
Weak acids incompletely ionize. An example reaction is the dissociation of ethanoic acid in water to produce hydroxonium cations and ethanoate anions:
CH3COOH + H2O ⇆ H3O+ + CH3COO-
Note the reaction arrow in the chemical equation points both directions. Only about 1% of ethanoic acid converts to ions, while the remainder is ethanoic acid. The reaction proceeds in both directions. The back reaction is more favorable than the forward reaction, so ions readily change back to weak acid and water.
Distinguishing Between Strong and Weak Acids
You can use the acid equilibrium constant Ka or pKa to determine whether an acid is strong or weak. Strong acids have high Ka or small pKa values, weak acids have very small Ka values or large pKa values.
Strong and Weak Vs. Concentrated and Dilute
Be careful not to confuse the terms strong and weak with concentrated and dilute. A concentrated acid is one that contains a low amount of water. In other words, the acid is concentrated. A dilute acid is an acidic solution that contains a lot of solvent. If you have 12 M acetic acid, it's concentrated, yet still a weak acid. No matter how much water you remove, that will be true. On the flip side, a 0.0005 M HCl solution is dilute, yet still strong.
Strong Vs. Corrosive
You can drink diluted acetic acid (the acid found in vinegar), yet drinking the same concentration of sulfuric acid would give you a chemical burn. The reason is that sulfuric acid is highly corrosive, while acetic acid is not as active. While acids tend to be corrosive, the strongest superacids (carboranes) are actually not corrosive and could be held in your hand. Hydrofluoric acid, while a weak acid, would pass through your hand and attack your bones.
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