What is the basis of ethics for those who only believe in the physical and concrete existence? discuss with reference to the philosophy of UMBERTO ECO?
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Answer:
Philosophy and Phenomenological Research was founded in 1940 by Marvin Farber, who edited it for forty years. Since 1980 it has been at Brown, where it has been edited by Roderick Chisholm and then, since 1986, by Ernest Sosa. From its founding, the journal has been open to a variety of methodologies and traditions.
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Architecture as an artform, design medium, or other product or practice.
Architectural objects—what sorts of things they are; how they differ from other sorts of objects; and how we define the range of such objects.
Special architectural properties, like the standard trio of structural integrity (firmitas), beauty, and utility—or space, light, and form; and ways they might be special to architecture.
Architectural types—how to consider abstract groups of architectural objects and their instances.
Meaning and other language-like phenomena in architecture and its objects.
Formation of and warrant for our basic grasp, and considered judgment, of architectural objects.
Social and moral features of architectural objects and architectural practice.
Yet other questions engage applied philosophical concerns regarding architecture, such as the character of architectural notation; intellectual property rights; and client-architect obligations.
A far-reaching philosophy of architecture extends beyond even a broadly aesthetics-based assessment, to include considerations of ethics, social and political philosophy, and philosophical reflections on psychology and the behavioral sciences. The aesthetics of architecture, by itself, spans traditional issues mooted in philosophy of art, as well as aesthetics of the everyday, and environmental aesthetics. Such traditional issues include the nature of the work; the possibility of classes, kinds, or types in the domain; the character and roles of representation, intentionality, and expression; and the warranted foundations for criticism. The ethics of architecture also addresses traditional issues, including delineation of rights, responsibilities, the good, virtues, and justice in architectural milieus. Still other aspects of philosophy of architecture concern social and technological characteristics.