what is the cause for permanent hardness of water ? explain the removal of hardness of water by calgon method.
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Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by boiling. When this is the case, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulfate and/or magnesium sulfates in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases.
Adding Calgon to rough water results in sodium ions being separated from Calgon's anion by hard water calcium and magnesium ions. The effect is the extraction from hard water, in the form of a Calgon complex, of calcium and magnesium ions. It softens the water and releases sodium ions.
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