What is the center of origin of wheat crop
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ancient Mediterranean
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CROPWheatTRITICUM AEGILOPSCENTER OF ORIGIN: CAS, SEM, WAS

CONSERVED AT
ICARDA
CIMMYT
TOP 5 PRODUCERSINDIACHINAUNITED STATESFRANCEAUSTRALIA
TOP 5 IMPORTERSEGYPTALGERIAJAPANITALYINDONESIA
NUMBER OF VARIETIES WITH LONG TERM SUPPORT FROM CROP TRUST188,812
NUMBER OF VARIETIES IN SVALBARD159,000
Globally wheat is the second most widely produced crop, just recently surpassed by maize. The history of humans and wheat is interwoven from the first cultivation of the crop in the Fertile Crescent, more than 10,000 years ago.
Wheat is grown with high yields from 67° north in Norway, Finland, and Russia to 45° south in Argentina. The world’s main wheat producing regions span from the central plains of USA and Canada, through north west and Mediterranean Europe, Russia and Ukraine, the great plains of India, China, to Australia and back to the southern parts of the South American continent. It is a temperate crop, so in the tropics and subtropics produces best in the highlands.
Wheat, as we know the crop, has developed through all phases of domestication; from the first unconscious selection of favorable traits by the earliest cultivators, through thousands of years of deliberate selection for local adaptations and larger grains by farmers, to scientifically planned modern breeding. In 1970 the plant breeder Norman Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Price for the work he had at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) on developing the high yielding cultivars that became the basis for the Green Revolution in India, Pakistan, Iran, and the Mediterranean basin. During the last 50 years the global wheat area has increased by roughly 7%. In the same period the average yield has almost tripled.
For several decades the historically enormous problem of wheat stem rust has been “solved” through the use of resistant genes incorporated into cultivars. Unfortunately, in Eastern Africa that resistance has now largely been overcome by a new physiological race of the disease designated as Ug99.
Formally noted in 1999, Ug99 is a significant threat to global wheat production. Alarmed by recurrent epidemics in Kenya and Ethiopia CIMMYT and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in 2005 jointly formed the Global Rust Initiative to prevent a pandemic.
This extremely virulent form of stem rust was in January 2007 reported to have jumped the red sea and further spread seems inevitable. The only viable medium for mitigating severe crop losses is to search for resistance genes among the thousands of wheat types held in genebanks and use this material to breed new varieties able to withstand the rust.

CONSERVED AT
ICARDA
CIMMYT
TOP 5 PRODUCERSINDIACHINAUNITED STATESFRANCEAUSTRALIA
TOP 5 IMPORTERSEGYPTALGERIAJAPANITALYINDONESIA
NUMBER OF VARIETIES WITH LONG TERM SUPPORT FROM CROP TRUST188,812
NUMBER OF VARIETIES IN SVALBARD159,000
Globally wheat is the second most widely produced crop, just recently surpassed by maize. The history of humans and wheat is interwoven from the first cultivation of the crop in the Fertile Crescent, more than 10,000 years ago.
Wheat is grown with high yields from 67° north in Norway, Finland, and Russia to 45° south in Argentina. The world’s main wheat producing regions span from the central plains of USA and Canada, through north west and Mediterranean Europe, Russia and Ukraine, the great plains of India, China, to Australia and back to the southern parts of the South American continent. It is a temperate crop, so in the tropics and subtropics produces best in the highlands.
Wheat, as we know the crop, has developed through all phases of domestication; from the first unconscious selection of favorable traits by the earliest cultivators, through thousands of years of deliberate selection for local adaptations and larger grains by farmers, to scientifically planned modern breeding. In 1970 the plant breeder Norman Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Price for the work he had at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) on developing the high yielding cultivars that became the basis for the Green Revolution in India, Pakistan, Iran, and the Mediterranean basin. During the last 50 years the global wheat area has increased by roughly 7%. In the same period the average yield has almost tripled.
For several decades the historically enormous problem of wheat stem rust has been “solved” through the use of resistant genes incorporated into cultivars. Unfortunately, in Eastern Africa that resistance has now largely been overcome by a new physiological race of the disease designated as Ug99.
Formally noted in 1999, Ug99 is a significant threat to global wheat production. Alarmed by recurrent epidemics in Kenya and Ethiopia CIMMYT and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in 2005 jointly formed the Global Rust Initiative to prevent a pandemic.
This extremely virulent form of stem rust was in January 2007 reported to have jumped the red sea and further spread seems inevitable. The only viable medium for mitigating severe crop losses is to search for resistance genes among the thousands of wheat types held in genebanks and use this material to breed new varieties able to withstand the rust.
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