what is the concept of social exclusions? answer me fast . answer should be best
then I make brainleast . answer in brief
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Answer:
Social exclusion is a complex and multi-dimensional process. It involves the lack or denial of resources, rights, goods and services, and the inability to participate in the normal relationships and activities, available to the majority of people in a society, whether in economic, social, cultural or political arenas. It affects both the quality of life of individuals and the equity and cohesion of society as a whole.
To further this concept, a matrix of domains and topic areas was constructed looking across four stages of the life course: childhood, youth, working-age adulthood and later life. This matrix, the Bristol Social Exclusion Matrix, or B-SEM, contains three domains of potential importance in social exclusion under which there are ten sub-domains:
Resources:
Material/economic resources
Access to public and private services
Social resources
Participation:
Economic participation
Social participation
Culture, education and skills
Political and civic participation
Quality of life:
Health and well-being
Living environment
Crime, harm and criminalisation
This definition has the advantage of not narrowly limiting the causal processes at work in social exclusion or the factors that affect life chances. These are open to empirical investigation.
While the B-SEM identifies the appropriate domains of investigation, estimating or tracking social exclusion depends on the prior understanding of the causal relationship between domains and there is potential complexity in interactions between these domains. With the present state of knowledge and data available, it is not known how the domains interact and it is risky to identify which of the domains have greater or lesser importance.
The current PSE: UK research project is developing this approach further by separating out cultural resources as a separate domain and including more measures of life satisfaction, personal development and self-esteem within the ‘health and well-being’ sub-domain.
In the last ‘Poverty and Social Exclusion survey’ in 1999, the indicators of the extent of social relations and an ability to participate in society that had been covered in the Breadline Britain surveys were extended to widen the investigation. Levels of social participation were found to be affected by age, gender, household type and employment status as well as poverty. Of all those variables, poverty had the strongest negative effect on social relationships.
In ‘The concept and measurement of social exclusion’ (2006), Ruth Levitas discusses the development of definitions and indicators of social exclusion in the UK and the European Union and the development of these indicators in the 1999 PSE survey.
Effects of social exclusions:
The existence of social exclusion makes it difficult to achieve particular social objectives, such as reducing poverty and malnutrition, because there are often hidden barriers to reaching those who are socially excluded. Social exclusion also generally involves exclusion in more than one dimension, and these can reinforce each other. For example, a combination of economic and educational exclusion makes it more difficult to advance on either front.
The following book aims to measure the consequences of social exclusion through a series of country case studies in Latin America. The chapter below outlines the findings from these case studies.