What is the Ethnobotany? What are its Branch and Scope? What are the advantages of studying EthnoBotany?
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Ethnobotany is the Study of Plant-People relationship.
Ethnobotany relatively a new science deals with the various principles, which
govern such relationship between man and vegetation. In other words Ethnobotany
means all the sources of the plants towards humankind and the other species growing on the earth.
It reflects congruence with our human
efforts to understand our place in the world.
Linked to ethnobotany are taxonomy, nutrition, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, paly-
nology, ecology, and conservation biology. Ethnobotany has also been constructed to
include studies of those life forms traditionally, but no longer, considered as plants: algae,lichens, and fungi.
Ethnobotany can lead to a fascinating and fulfilling career, whether in a university, a
community, government, international agencies, or non-government organizations. Most
ethnobotanical research requires fieldwork in the outdoors for at least part of any project.
In 1893, a unique collection of botanical objects exhibited at the Chicago World’s
Fair caught the attention and imagination of John W. Harshberger, an archaeologist with
a keen interest in plants. This collection inspired Harshberger to propose a new field
of study, written up in the Botanical Gazette in an article entitled “The purposes of. ethno-botany” (1896).
*Approach to Ethnobotany
Ethnobotany relatively a new science deals with the various principles, which
govern such relationship between man and vegetation. In more simple word
Ethnobotany means all the sources of the plants towards human kind and the other
species on the earth.
According to above approaches could lead to the development of the
following main subdivision of ethnobotany.
l.Ethnobryology:- Ethnobotanical study ofbryophytes.
2.Ethnocosmetics:- Materials used by an ethinc group, folk, people or rare for care,
beautification or Ornamentation of body, particularly skin and hair.
3.Ethnodietetics:- That aspect of ethnogastrology which relates to choice. content
,frequency, consumption and nutritive value of food.
4.Ethnoecology:- Deals with all indigenous beliefs, concepts, knowledge and
practices relating to interaction between man and his environment, including motion
and practices for conservation of species, communities, and nature in general.
5.Ethnogastrology:- Deals with all aspects of eating and drinking like the kind.
source, frequency, quantity and processing of the materials used among any ethnic
group, folk, people, or face for satisfYing hunger and thirst. including the emergency.
famine or subsistence foods.
6.Ethnogynaecology:- Deals indigenous beliefs knowledge, concepts and practices
for treating problems of female fertility, contraception. pregnancy, child birth and
related problems.
7.Ethnohorticultare:- Indigenous belief, concepts knowledge and practices among
an ethnic group, folk, people or people about raising of horticultural plants. Plants
for fruits, vegetables, ornaments and pleasure unique in a community.
8.Ethnomedicinc:- Indigenous beliefs, concepts, knowledge and practices among an
ethnic group, folk, people or race for preventing, lessening or cursing diseases, pam
and folk medicine.
9.Ethnomedicobotany:- Study of plants employed as drugs among any ethic group
folk, people or race ethnobotanical aspect of any source of drug.
10.Ethnomusicology:- Study of among an ethnic group all aspects of their vocal and
instrumental music, the origin, evolution, themes and materials related to their music.
II.Ethnonarcotics:- Study of narcotics Substances among any ethic group, folk,
people or race.
12.Ethnoophthalmology:- Indigenous beliefs, knowledge, concepts and practices
for treating ailments of and injury to eye or impairment of vision.
13. Ethnoorthopaedics :- Indigenous beliefs knowledge concepts and practice for
healing of bones.
14. Ethnopaediatrics :- Indigenous knowledge concepts and practices about care of
children in sickness colic complaints and pain.
IS. Ethnopaleobotany:- Ethnobotanical aspects of fossilized plants materials.
16. Ethnopharmacy :- Deals with the unique beliefs knowledge concepts and
practices among an ethnic group, folk people or race about collecting preparing
preserving and dispensing of medicines.
17. Ethnopharmacology :- Pharmacological study of biological materials related to
an ethnic group folk people or race indigenous concepts and methods of observation
and experimentation on drugs.
18. Ethnotoxicology :- Study of substances considered or employed as toxic
antitoxic intoxicant among any ethnic group folk people or race.
19. Ethnovctcrinary :- Deals with the unique beliefs knowledge concepts skills and
practices among the folk relating to health of animal.
20. Ethnozoology :- Deals with all aspects of direct relationship between man and
animal.
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DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF ETHNOBOTANY:
Since the beginning of civilization, people have used plants to provide them food, shelter, medicines, as well as the materials for construction and the manufacture of crafts and tools and many other products like fuel, paints, poison, etc. Plants often have ritual characters and are used because of their variety of properties. Nowadays their chemical and genetic characters are increasingly explored for human benefits. It had been possible due to ethnobotanical studies that have provided us a plenty of information data about plants either useful or harmful.
DEFINITION:
>Ethnobotany is the study of how people of a particular culture and region make the use of indigenous plants. Ethnobotanists explore how plants are used for such things as food, shelter, medicine, clothing, hunting, and religious ceremonies. These plants are known as ethnobotanicals. The term ethnobotany was suggested by John Harshberger in 1896 to delimit a specific field of botany and to describe plant uses. It was defined as “the use of plants by aboriginal peoples”." Its scope was much elaborated by Ford (1978) and Faulks (1958)".
Prior to this term (ethnobotany), many botanists were already including the use of plants by people within their study. However, it was Harshberger who proposed that discipline of ethnobotany might be developed with its own definition, scope, objectives and methodologies.
Although { Harsh berger’s definition}
still provide the root of the ethnobotany, but to describe the field in broader sense ethnobotanists have given their definitions time to time. Let us look at the slight changes in emphasis through a review of current definitions.
>Ethnobotany is considered to encompass all studies which concern the mutual relationship between plants and traditional peoples (Cotton, 1996).
In broad terms, ethnobotany is the study of the interrelationship between plants and people. The two major parts of ethnobotany are encapsulated in the word itself; ethno, ‘the study of people’, and botany, ‘the study of plants’. However, the field is limited on both sides. On the botanical sides of the field, few ethnobotanical studies are concerned with plants that have no connection to people. On the ethno side, most studies are concerned with the ways indigenous peoples use and view plants. And those uses and those views can provide deep insights into the human conditions (Balick and Cox 1996).
>According to Ford 1994, ethnobotany is concerned with a wide range of interest of plants in cultural and ecological context. According to Martin 1995, ethnobotany is the part of ethnoecology which concerns plants. Turner 1996 has given an appropriate definition that is “the science of people’s interaction with plants”.
.>So, from the above recent definitions, it may be said that the ethnobotany has become a broader discipline, which is interested in all studies about the relationship between people and plants.
>The definition and scope of ethnobotany has remained impressive even by the narrowest definition of the discipline. This is an interdisciplinary science and undertakes a research on the relationship between people and plants in the areas of: linguistics, education, healing, nutrition, archaeology, paleology, resource tenure and management, livelihood, etc. Ethnobotany can therefore serve as a gateway to many disciplines. The following disciplines are often included within the study of ethnobotany.......
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