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Answer:
Seeds of some crops, such as tomatoes, peppers, and broccoli, are usually planted into greenhouse trays to grow seedlings for later transplanting into the field.
Other crops, such as sweet corn, beans and peas, are most often established by planting seeds directly into the field. Understanding how seeds germinate and grow into healthy seedlings is critical for successful crop establishment. This is a brief summary of seed and seedling biology and recommendations for producing healthy seedlings.
Choosing the Right Seed
Few decisions are more important to successful vegetable production than choosing the right seed. Seeds should be of high quality, clean, and purchased from a reputable seed company. Take care to choose varieties that are well adapted to the area, and suit local consumer preferences. Certified organic growers are required to use certified organic seed and seedlings with only a few exceptions.
The Right Environment to Germinate
All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and, in most plant species, a store of food reserves, wrapped in a seed coat. Seeds generally "wake up" and germinate when soil moisture and temperature conditions are favorable for them to grow. But not all seeds have the same germination requirements, so it is important to know what each seed type needs.
Seeds need the proper temperature, moisture, air, and light conditions to germinate. All seeds have optimal temperature ranges for germination (Table 1). The minimum temperature is the lowest temperature at which seeds can germinate effectively. The maximum is the highest temperature at which seeds can germinate. Anything above or below this temperature can damage seeds or make them go into dormancy. At optimal temperatures, germination is rapid and uniform.
All seeds need both moisture and air to germinate. Good seed-to-soil contact is very important. A fine-textured seedbed with little compaction is recommended for direct seeding in the field. For greenhouse transplants, soilless media should be moist and fluffy. The soil or growing media must contain enough moisture so that the seed can take up water to begin the germination process. But if the soil or media are too wet, or too compacted, there will not be enough air around the seed to "breathe". Like any other living organism, seeds need oxygen for respiration, and that oxygen comes from air in the soil.
Not all seeds have the same light requirements. Most seeds germinate best under dark conditions and might even be inhibited by light. A few other seeds need light to germinate. But once seeds have germinated and broken through the surface of the soil or growing media as seedlings, they all need sunlight to grow. Table 1 shows optimal soil temperatures for germination for common vegetable crops.