what is the history of coal .It must be even with 150 words. Those who write it I will mark them as brainliest.
Answers
Explanation:
The earliest recognized use is from the Shenyang area of China where by 4000 BC Neolithic inhabitants had begun carving ornaments from black lignite.[23] Coal from the Fushun mine in northeastern China was used to smelt copper as early as 1000 BC.[24] Marco Polo, the Italian who traveled to China in the 13th century, described coal as "black stones ... which burn like logs", and said coal was so plentiful, people could take three hot baths a week.[25] In Europe, the earliest reference to the use of coal as fuel is from the geological treatise On stones (Lap. 16) by the Greek scientist Theophrastus (c. 371–287 BC):[26][27]
Among the materials that are dug because they are useful, those known as anthrakes [coals] are made of earth, and, once set on fire, they burn like charcoal. They are found in Liguria ... and in Elis as one approaches Olympia by the mountain road; and they are used by those who work in metals.
— Theophrastus, On Stones (16) translation
Outcrop coal was used in Britain during the Bronze Age (3000–2000 BC), where it formed part of funeral pyres.[28][29] In Roman Britain, with the exception of two modern fields, "the Romans were exploiting coals in all the major coalfields in England and Wales by the end of the second century AD".[30] Evidence of trade in coal, dated to about AD 200, has been found at the Roman settlement at Heronbridge, near Chester; and in the Fenlands of East Anglia, where coal from the Midlands was transported via the Car Dyke for use in drying grain.[31] Coal cinders have been found in the hearths of villas and Roman forts, particularly in Northumberland, dated to around AD 400. In the west of England, contemporary writers described the wonder of a permanent brazier of coal on the altar of Minerva at Aquae Sulis (modern day Bath), although in fact easily accessible surface coal from what became the Somerset coalfield was in common use in quite lowly dwellings locally.[32] Evidence of coal's use for iron-working in the city during the Roman period has been found.[33] In Eschweiler, Rhineland, deposits of bituminous coal were used by the Romans for the smelting of iron ore.[30]
No evidence exists of the product being of great importance in Britain before about AD 1000, the High Middle Ages.[34] Mineral[clarification needed] coal came to be referred to as "seacoal" in the 13th century; the wharf where the material arrived in London was known as Seacoal Lane, so identified in a charter of King Henry III granted in 1253.[35] Initially, the name was given because much coal was found on the shore, having fallen from the exposed coal seams on cliffs above or washed out of underwater coal outcrops,[34] but by the time of Henry VIII, it was understood to derive from the way it was carried to London by sea.[36] In 1257–1259, coal from Newcastle upon Tyne was shipped to London for the smiths and lime-burners building Westminster Abbey.[34] Seacoal Lane and Newcastle Lane, where coal was unloaded at wharves along the River Fleet, still exist.[37]
These easily accessible sources had largely become exhausted (or could not meet the growing demand) by the 13th century, when underground extraction by shaft mining or adits was developed.[28] The alternative name was "pitcoal", because it came from mines. The development of the Industrial Revolution led to the large-scale use of coal, as the steam engine took over from the water wheel. In 1700, five-sixths of the world's coal was mined in Britain. Britain would have run out of suitable sites for watermills by the 1830s if coal had not been available as a source of energy.[38] In 1947 there were some 750,000 miners in Britain[39] but the last deep coal mine in the UK closed in 2015.[40]
A grade between bituminous coal and anthracite was once known as "steam coal" as it was widely used as a fuel for steam locomotives. In this specialized use, it is sometimes known as "sea coal" in the United States.[41] Small "steam coal", also called dry small steam nuts (or DSSN), was used as a fuel for domestic water heating.
Coal continues to arrive on beaches around the world from both natural erosion of exposed coal seams and windswept spills from cargo ships. Many homes in such areas gather this coal as a significant, and sometimes primary, source of home heating fuel.[42]
Answer:
Coal. A black, hard rock, sometimes so shiny it could pass as silver or a light grey, and other times sooty as night. Coal. Coal is made up of 65-95% carbon, and further includes hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed from peat following the pressure of rocks laid down on top. Much of the world’s first coal was formed during the Pennsylvanian Epoch (Carboniferous Period) from the remains of plants that lived and died millions of years ago in tropical wetlands. In this form, coal is a sedimentary rock; however, anthracite coal, in all its hard, glossy shine, is a metamorphic rock, due to being exposed to more intense temperatures and pressures. Anthracite coal is often the highest quality coal. Anthracite is primarily mined by China, with their global output exceeding 75%.
The origin of humankind’s relationship with coal is, inevitably, sketchy given the simple stark lack of technology or knowledge compared with that which exists today. However, in the Americas some of the first instances of coal utilisation date back to the Aztecs, who used coal for fuel. In Europe, the Romans turned Britain into a 2nd Century A.D. coal hotbed, seeking to exploit as much of Roman Britain’s coalfields as possible. Archaeological excavation over the following centuries has discovered the remnants of coal stores at numerous forts along the famous Hadrian’s Wall. The nearby fort, Longovicium, houses evidence of the Romans having a smelting industry set up in Northern England.
Before the Romans became interested in the early coal industry, Greek Scientist Theophrastus wrote the following of coal in his text, On Stones:
Among the materials that are dug because they are useful, those known as coals are made of earth, and, once set on fire, they burn like charcoal. They are found in Liguria... and in Elis as one approaches Olympia by the mountain road; and they are used by those who work in metals.
As far as historians and archaeologists know, Theophrastus’s words were among the very first that noted the use of coal in metalworking.
The Chinese, though, are suspected to have been involved in the surface mining of coal as far back as 3490 B.C.
Some of the early forms of coal mining include drift mining, which will often involve a horizontal passageway that follows the bed of coal, or an ore vein, for instance; bell pit mining; and shaft mining, which would often incorporate the “room and pillar” operating technique. Rarely did the mining operations of two millennia ago exhaust a mine’s resource mass. Whether this was due to operational profligacy or a reluctance to metaphorically “drain the lake” remains to be seen.
Coal in Britain became far less prevalent a resource following the decline of the Roman Empire until the Industrial Revolution, whose apex hinged on the mass availability of coal to power intrepid steam engines, heat buildings, and not long after, begin being used to generate electricity. The Victorian era welcomed a sizeable increase in international trade thanks to the coal-fed steam engines being used for rail and steamship travel. Around the year 1905, the U.K. and the U.S.A. were leading the way for coal production in so far as declared numbers were concerned. The U.K. at this time was responsible for approximately 236.1 million short tons; America for 350.8 million.
Coal’s rise to prominence in the Industrial Revolution was not simply about mass availability, however. It was also a cheap resource, and came with the promise of yielding more energy than material rivals such as wood. Given the extreme shifts in weather and climate since the Pennsylvanian Epoch, 298.9 million years ago, landscapes have shifted – localities of readily available wood and readily available coal can often be separate.
From being used in the Rhineland in the early A.D. period of Roman history to smelt iron ore, presumably for weapons, wagon wheels, armour, and also in hypocausts to heat public and military baths, through to powering the British Empire’s trade expeditions, coal is primarily used for energy and heat. Current scientific estimates counted coal as responsible for roughly 25% of the world’s energy in 2010; by 2050, this is expected to rise to 33%. The world production on steel is almost 70% dependent on the burning of coal.
South Africa, one of the many nations where WRS has invaluable mining expertise, produces in excess of 255 million short tons of coal, and 92% of coal consumed (much of it burned for energy) on the entire African continent is produced in South Africa.
The largest producer of coal, not just anthracite coal, is indeed China. In the last decade, China has been averaging between 2.9 and 3.9 billion short tons per year. Coal is China’s main source of energy and the Chinese coal industry employs roughly five million workers a year. As mentioned in some of our other recent mining articles, the Chinese mining behemoth is unlikely to yield any time soon.
MARK AS A BRAINLIEST