What is the index inotation of 150, 625,1350 and 1960
Answers
Answer:
What is intonation?
Jones (1960) - "the variations which take place in the pitch of the voice in connected speech, i.e. the variations in the pitch of the musical note produced by vibration of the vocal cords."
Unlike lexical tone (as in tone languages), changing intonation does not change the lexical identity/meaning of individual words, though it may alter the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
Pitch accent languages (e.g. Japanese, Swedish) used to be regarded as an intermediate case: superficially like lexical tone languages, but phonologically pitch functions like stress in these languages. In most stress-accent languages, pitch is an important correlate of stress, so the dividing lines between tone, stress and pitch-accent are fuzzy.
2. Early treatments
E.g. Steele (1775), Jones (1960) recorded intonation for whole sentences. Jones, following Kingdon (1958), analysed English intonation in terms of two sentence tunes. Refer to attached extracts from Jones for examples of the two tunes in use. It was recognised that the tunes might be distributed over a larger or smaller number of syllables, and that an utterance with several "sense groups" might have a multiply-peaked pitch contour, but the syntax of tunes was not explored deeply.
O'Connor and Arnold (1973) divided intonation groups into four parts:
1. The pre-head - all the initial unaccented syllables.
2. The head - between the pre-head and the nucleus.
3. The nucleus - the main accented syllable.
4. The tail - all the syllables after the nucleus.
They identified 10 tunes.
3. Tonetic stress marks
Kingdon, O'Connor and Arnold and others employed a variety of diacritic symbols known as tonetic stress marks to denote various intonational events. Accents were held to be dynamic (contour) tones. The most important accents in English are:
Tonetic stress marks
(Current IPA tone marks include: high (level) tone: é, low (level) tone: è, (high) falling tone: ê, rising tone: Rising tone)
This approach, characteristically of structuralist methodology, concentrates on compendious exemplification and collection of large, annotated, orderly corpora of categorized examples, rather than the formulation of inviolable rules for determining the intonation patterns and their alignment with text.
4. Origins of the autosegmental approach to intonation
Goldsmith (1981) proposed that English lexical stress could be characterised by a MHL autosegmental melody, in which the H tone corresponds with the strongest stress, marked with a *:
English stress as tone