What is the location of birds in a forest ecosystem
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Birds are ubiquitous and highly interactive members of forest communities. As insect predators, birds influence tree growth by reducing the effect of folivorous arthropods. Coffee plantations, for example, benefit from insectivorous birds and have increased productivity as a result of bird control of insect pests. As frugivores that can move large distances, birds are the most important seed dispersers in tropical forests. Many crows and jays play critical roles as nut dispersers in temperate forests. Large vertebrate predators, such as hawks, may affect seedling establishment by preying on scatter-hoarding mammals or affecting their behavior. Pollination by birds is an important element in influencing the genetic structure of tree populations. Many of these ecosystem functions vary by latitude and by season. In return, forests provide food, nesting sites, and, in some cases, thermal refugia for birds. Forest structure, particularly in tropical sites, is closely tied to avian species richness on local and regional scales. Major threats to forest birds include deforestation, forest fragmentation, and urbanization. Invasive predators on nests and adults are also an important threat to island birds and climate-related changes.
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