Question

What is the mammle damage

Answer 1

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Answer 2

Recognising types of mammal damage to trees and woodland

Every stage of tree growth may be attacked by one or more species of mammal. Often a species may cause damage at several growth stages. Most mammal damage to trees is from either:

Browsing - feeding on buds, shoots and foliage
Bark stripping from main stems or branches - gnawing or rubbing.
When trying to identify the cause of damage, the most important things to look for are:

Form of damage (i.e. browsing, gnawing or rubbing)
Height of damage
Time of year when damage occurred
Presence and size of teeth marks
Signs of animal presence and abundance - droppings, footprints, runs, scrapes or burrows.
Points to note:

Lack of teeth in front upper jaw of all deer species produces ragged edge on damaged twigs
The teeth of rabbits and hares produce a sharp knife like cut. Muntjac may bite partly through thin tall stems and pull them down to eat
Sheep and deer browsing damage is often very similar in form but sheep tend to leave wool evidence
Fraying is a rubbing injury caused when male deer rub new antlers to remove ‘velvet’ or to mark territories.
The following three tables show the main characteristics of damage by:

A: Wild deer
B: Other wild mammals including rabbits, hares, squirrels, mice, voles, edible dormice, moles and badgers
C: Domestic livestock

Brackets in the ‘age of trees’ column denote damage is uncommon.