what is the mandal commission and write the works of it ????? urgently
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Mandal Commission
The Mandal Commission was established in India in 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward."[2] It was headed by Indian parliamentarian B.P. Mandal to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, the commission's report affirmed the affirmative actionpractice under Indian law whereby members of backward castes though they were also uppercast (known as Other Backward Classes (OBC), Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)) were given exclusive access to a certain portion of government Jobs and slots in public universities, and recommended changes to these quotas, increasing them by 27% to 50%. Mobilization on caste lines had followed the political empowerment of ordinary citizens by the constitution of free India that allowed common people to politically assert themselves through the right to vote.
Setting up of Mandal Commission
The plan to set up the commission was taken by the Morarji Desai government in 1978 as per the mandate under article 340( Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes in India every 10 years) for the purpose of Articles 15( Prohibition of Discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth) and 16( Equality of opportunity in public employment). The decision was made official by the president on 1 January 1979. The commission is popularly known as the Mandal Commission for its chairman being B.P. Mandal.
Criteria to identify OBC
The Mandal Commission adopted various methods and techniques to collect the necessary data and evidence. In order to identify who qualified as an "other backward class," the commission adopted eleven criteria which could be grouped under three major headings: social, educational and economic. 11 criteria were developed to identify OBCs.[4]
Social
Castes/classes considered as socially backward by others,Castes/classes which mainly depend on manual labour for their livelihood,Castes/classes where at least 25 per cent females and 10 per cent males above the state average get married at an age below 17 years in rural areas and at least 10 per cent females and 5 per cent males do so in urban areas.Castes/classes where participation of females in work is at least 2 per cent and above the state average.
Educational
Castes/classes where the number of children in the age group of 5–15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above the state average.Castes/classes when the rate of student drop-out in the age group of 5–15 years is at least 25 per cent above the state average,Castes/classes amongst whom the proportion of matriculates is at least 25 per cent below the state average,
Economic
Castes/classes where the average value of family assets is at least 25 per cent below the state average,Castes/classes where the number of families living in kuccha houses is at least 25 per cent above the state average,Castes/classes where the source of drinking water is beyond half a kilometre for more than 50 per cent of the households,Castes/classes where the number of households having taken consumption loans is at least 25 per cent above the state average.
The Mandal Commission was established in India in 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward."[2] It was headed by Indian parliamentarian B.P. Mandal to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, the commission's report affirmed the affirmative actionpractice under Indian law whereby members of backward castes though they were also uppercast (known as Other Backward Classes (OBC), Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)) were given exclusive access to a certain portion of government Jobs and slots in public universities, and recommended changes to these quotas, increasing them by 27% to 50%. Mobilization on caste lines had followed the political empowerment of ordinary citizens by the constitution of free India that allowed common people to politically assert themselves through the right to vote.
Setting up of Mandal Commission
The plan to set up the commission was taken by the Morarji Desai government in 1978 as per the mandate under article 340( Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes in India every 10 years) for the purpose of Articles 15( Prohibition of Discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth) and 16( Equality of opportunity in public employment). The decision was made official by the president on 1 January 1979. The commission is popularly known as the Mandal Commission for its chairman being B.P. Mandal.
Criteria to identify OBC
The Mandal Commission adopted various methods and techniques to collect the necessary data and evidence. In order to identify who qualified as an "other backward class," the commission adopted eleven criteria which could be grouped under three major headings: social, educational and economic. 11 criteria were developed to identify OBCs.[4]
Social
Castes/classes considered as socially backward by others,Castes/classes which mainly depend on manual labour for their livelihood,Castes/classes where at least 25 per cent females and 10 per cent males above the state average get married at an age below 17 years in rural areas and at least 10 per cent females and 5 per cent males do so in urban areas.Castes/classes where participation of females in work is at least 2 per cent and above the state average.
Educational
Castes/classes where the number of children in the age group of 5–15 years who never attended school is at least 25 per cent above the state average.Castes/classes when the rate of student drop-out in the age group of 5–15 years is at least 25 per cent above the state average,Castes/classes amongst whom the proportion of matriculates is at least 25 per cent below the state average,
Economic
Castes/classes where the average value of family assets is at least 25 per cent below the state average,Castes/classes where the number of families living in kuccha houses is at least 25 per cent above the state average,Castes/classes where the source of drinking water is beyond half a kilometre for more than 50 per cent of the households,Castes/classes where the number of households having taken consumption loans is at least 25 per cent above the state average.
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