What is the minimum condition of an electoral competition ?
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Answer:
(i) Everyone should be able to choose. This means that everyone should have one vote and every vote should have equal value.
(ii) There should be something to choose from. Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters.
(iii) The choice should be offered at regular intervals. Elections must be held regularly after every few years.
(iv) The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.
(v) Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as they really wish.
Answer:
In a majoritarian system, the need to win a plurality of seats and to maintain the confidence of the legislature suggests that contestability will be related to the number of parties in an electoral equilibrium. Ceteris paribus, an incumbent facing one opposition party that voters believe can govern as successfully as the incumbent is at a disadvantage compared to situation in which the opposition consists of several small parties that could not, by themselves, obtain and keep the confidence of the legislature and successfully produce public policy.6 Such an observation suggests that the deviation of the number of parties from 2 may serve as an index of contestability, and in turn this leads to a concern with the effective number of parties in an electoral equilibrium.
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