What is the most hypocritic thing in gender equality?
Answers
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Answer:
Equality Hypocrisy, Inconsistency, and Prejudice: The Unequal Application of the Universal Human Right to Equality
Dominic Abrams, Diane M. Houston, [...], and Milica Vasiljevic
Explanation:
In Western culture, there appears to be widespread endorsement of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (which stresses equality and freedom). But do people really apply their equality values equally, or are their principles and application systematically discrepant, resulting in equality hypocrisy? The present study, conducted with a representative national sample of adults in the United Kingdom (N = 2,895), provides the first societal test of whether people apply their value of “equality for all” similarly across multiple types of status minority (women, disabled people, people aged over 70, Blacks, Muslims, and gay people). Drawing on theories of intergroup relations and stereotyping we examined, relation to each of these groups, respondents’ judgments of how important it is to satisfy their particular wishes, whether there should be greater or reduced equality of employment opportunities, and feelings of social distance. The data revealed a clear gap between general equality values and responses to these specific measures. Respondents prioritized equality more for “paternalized” groups (targets of benevolent prejudice: women, disabled, over 70) than others (Black people, Muslims, and homosexual people), demonstrating significant inconsistency. Respondents who valued equality more, or who expressed higher internal or external motivation to control prejudice, showed greater consistency in applying equality. However, even respondents who valued equality highly showed significant divergence in their responses to paternalized versus nonpaternalized groups, revealing a degree of hypocrisy. Implications for strategies to promote equality and challenge prejudice are discussed.
Keywords: equality, human rights, prejudice, values
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up, live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”
—Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963)
The very first article in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization in 1948 states that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” Yet, Martin Luther King Jr.’s dream of equality is far from fulfilled. In this article, we consider how and why people may espouse equality as an important principle, yet not apply that principle equally to all groups. We report an empirical test of this phenomenon using a nationally representative survey of nearly 3,000 adults in the United Kingdom.
Universal Conceptualization of Human Rights
Fifty years after the adoption of the UDHR, Willem Doise formally theorized and tested the existence of social representations of human rights. For example, across four cultures (Costa Rica, France, Italy, and Switzerland), Clémence, Doise, de Rosa, and Gonzalez (1995) demonstrated remarkable convergence in the understanding of what constitutes violations of human rights (see also Doise, 2002). In a more comprehensive test, Doise and colleagues asked participants from 35 countries to evaluate the 30 articles of the UDHR (Doise, Spini, & Clémence, 1999). The structure of the different rights was remarkably convergent across cultures, and closely resembled the original structure presented by the French jurist, Renée Cassin at the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.
In several studies, Doise and colleagues showed that people’s commitment to these principles is related to their wider values. For example, people who value universalism and self-transcendence are more likely to be involved with human rights issues and to believe that governments are not doing enough to protect human rights. In contrast, those who value conservatism and endorse right-wing political ideologies favor restricting individual rights to guarantee the functioning of society (Doise et al., 1999; Spini & Doise, 1998). Moreover, they tend to endorse the power of governments and other institutions to decide upon the distribution of human rights (Moghaddam & Vuksanovic, 1990).
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