what is the name of the most mandatory vaccine in the world. Also describe its features.
Answers
Answer:
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes meningitis and pneumonia. Hib vaccine had been introduced in 192 Member States by the end of 2019. Global coverage with 3 doses of Hib vaccine is estimated at 72%. There is great variation between regions. The WHO Region of South-East Asia is estimated to have 89% coverage, while it is only 24% in the WHO Western Pacific Region.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver. Hepatitis B vaccine for infants had been introduced nationwide in 189 Member States by the end of 2019. Global coverage with 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine is estimated at 85%. In addition, 109 Member States introduced one dose of hepatitis B vaccine to newborns within the first 24 hours of life. Global coverage is 43% and is as high as 84% in the WHO Western Pacific Region, while it is only estimated to be at 6% in the WHO African region
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract and can cause cervical cancer in women, other types of cancer, and genital warts in both men and women. The HPV vaccine was introduced in 106 Member States by the end of 2019, including three countries with introduction in some parts of the country. This is the strongest year on year increase in HPV introductions (+15%) since the HPV vaccine came to market in 2006. However, since many large countries have not yet introduced the vaccine and vaccine coverage is suboptimal in many - global coverage with the final dose of HPV currently is estimated at 15%.
Nearly a third of these Member States (33) have also started to vaccinate boys.
Meningitis A is an infection that is often deadly and leaves one in five affected individuals with long-term devastating sequelae. Before the introduction of MenAfriVac in 2010 – a revolutionary vaccine developed in collaboration with Serum Institute of India through the WHO and PATH Meningitis Vaccine Project – meningitis serogroup A accounted for 80–85% of meningitis epidemics in the African meningitis belt. In 2012, MenAfriVac became the first vaccine to gain approval for use outside the cold chain during campaigns – for as long as four days without refrigeration and at temperatures of up to 40°C. By the end of 2019 almost 350 million people in 24 out of the 26 countries in the meningitis belt had been vaccinated with MenAfriVac through campaigns. To sustain the dramatic effect of these campaigns, Ghana and Sudan were the first two countries to include the MenAfriVac in their routine immunization schedule in 2016, followed by Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Mali and Niger in 2017, Côte d'Ivoire in 2018 and Gambia and Nigeria in 2019.
Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus, which usually results in a high fever and rash, and can lead to blindness, encephalitis or death. By the end of 2019, 85% of children had received one dose of measles-containing vaccine by their second birthday, and 178 Member States had included a second dose as part of routine immunization and 71% of children received two doses of measles vaccine according to national immunization schedules.
Mumps is a highly contagious virus that causes painful swelling at the side of the face under the ears (the parotid glands), fever, headache and muscle aches. It can lead to viral meningitis. Mumps vaccine had been introduced nationwide in 122 Member States by the end of 2019.
Pneumococcal diseases include pneumonia, meningitis and febrile bacteraemia, as well as otitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis. Pneumococcal vaccine had been introduced in 149 Member States by the end of 2019, including three in some parts of the country, and global third dose coverage was estimated at 48%.
Polio is a highly infectious viral disease that can cause irreversible paralysis. In 2019, 86% of infants around the world received three doses of polio vaccine. In 2019, the coverage of infants receiving their first dose of IPV in countries that are still using OPV is estimated at 82%. Targeted for global eradication, polio has been stopped in all countries except for Afghanistan and Pakistan. Until poliovirus transmission is interrupted in these countries, all countries remain at risk of importation of polio, especially vulnerable countries with weak public health and immunization services and travel or trade links to endemic countries.
Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in young children throughout the world. Rotavirus vaccine was introduced in 108 countries by the end of 2019, including three in some parts of the country. Global coverage was estimated at 39%.
Rubella is a viral disease which is usually mild in children, but infection during early pregnancy may cause fetal death or congenital rubella syndrome, which can lead to defects of the brain, heart, eyes, and ears. Rubella vaccine was introduced nationwide in 173 Member States by the end of 2019, and global coverage was estimated at 71%.