Question

What is the six cardinal laws of contour?

Answer 1

 rules of contour lines:1.contours always occur in pairs2.contours can never touch each other3.contours have equal separation4.contour lines close on themselves5.contour lines do not merge or split6.the steepest slope is a line perpendicular to contour Terrainelevation/distance (length)They both have effects on:Land useInfrastructureRunoffAspecthydrologyhydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and water sheds. Drainage networks – natural patterns, storm sewersWatershed- area feeding water to the drainage networkDrainage divide Drainage issues – flooding, sol erosion, sedimentation, pollution, interference with ground water rechargeDegraded  streams and rivers.Interference with groundwater recharge 

Answer 2

•

Contour integration with straight elements ceases with increasing angular disparity.

•

Corner elements render contours perfectly visible for all angular disparities.

•

Contours with and without corners exhibit similar psychophysical characteristics.

•

Contour completion needs to incorporate the neural representation of corners.

•

At least part of the contour integration process involves higher cortical areas.

Abstract

Contour integration refers to the ability of the visual system to bind disjoint local elements into coherent global shapes. In cluttered images containing randomly oriented elements a contour becomes salient when its elements are coaligned with a smooth global trajectory, as described by the Gestalt law of good continuation. Abrupt changes of curvature strongly diminish contour salience. Here we show that by inserting local corner elements at points of angular discontinuity, a jagged contour becomes as salient as a straight one. We report results from detection experiments for contours with and without corner elements which indicate their psychophysical equivalence. This presents a challenge to the notion that contour integration mostly relies on local interactions between neurons tuned to single orientations, and suggests that a site where single orientations and more complex local features are combined constitutes the early basis of contour and 2D shape processing.

Keywords

Contour integration

Corners

Psychophysics

Spatial vision

Humans

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