what is the third vibhakti in sanskrit
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Answer:
When do you use tritiya vibhakti and panchami vibhakti in Sanskrit? The meanings of the words in both vibhaktis are the same.
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Kiron Krishnan
Answered 3 years ago
The “tṛtīyā vibhakti” (third grammatical case) in Sanskrit is the “instrumental case”, which is a form used to refer to the noun as in the sense of English “with <noun>” or “by <noun>”. Let me demonstrate the different ways by which this case is used in Sanskrit.
It can be used to denote the instrument by which / with which an action is performed. For example, manasā is the third case of manas (mind). Consider the well known phrase, used often in prayers : “manasā smarāmi” . Here, smarāmi means “I think”, and manasā means “through/using/by mind”. The exact equivalent exists in Dravidian inflections : For e.g.; “manasāle ninaikkiṛEn” (Tam.) Thus, in this sentence, mind is the instrument with which action (thought) is done; hence its third case is used.
It can be used in the sense of “with <noun>”, where with can also represent the sense of accompaniment, apart from the instrumental “with” meaning as in (1). But then, aśvena gacchati would mean “he goes with horse” or “he goes by horse” (as in earlier situation). So, the sense of accompaniment is shown by using a word like “saha”, to denote that the instrumental case is used in the sense of accompaniment “with” rather than in the sense of instrumental “by”/”with”. Thus, to mean “he goes with horse”, one would better write “aśvena saha gacchati”. Thus “śivena saha vartate”would mean “He lives (together) with Śiva”rather than “He lives using the instrument/by the instrument Śiva”.
It can be used to mean cause/reason of an action, the equivalent usage is present in Malayalam case too. For example, krodheṇa avadat would mean “out of anger he told” or “In anger he told” or “due to anger he told”. Compare the equivalent in Malayalam case : “krOdhattāl paRaññu.”
It is used in the passive voice, same as its use in English. Consider the passive voice “Snake is killed by Rama”. This would be “sarpaṁ rāmeṇa hanyate”. Equivalent usages in Dravidian inflections too. (Ref. Mal. “sarpam rāmanāl kollappeṭunnu.”)
It can be used with preposition vinā (without). “vinā dainyena jīvitam”, a phrase from a popular śloka thus means “life without misery”.
The pañcamī vibhakti refers to the “ablative case”, which indicates “from <noun>” mostly. Thus, “yajus tasmāt ajāyata” (Yajus was born from that)
The pañcamī is also used to denote comparison speech, in the sense of “than <noun>”. (Remember Hindi postposition “se” used for this purpose) Thus, the famous proverb : “vidyādhanaṁ sarvadhanāt pradhānam” means “The wealth of knowledge is more important than all (other) wealth.”