what is types of electric field
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Answer:
An electric field surrounds an electric charge, and exerts force on other charges in the field, attracting or repelling them.[1][2] Electric field is sometimes abbreviated as E-field.[3] The electric field is defined mathematically as a vector field that associates to each point in space the (electrostatic or Coulomb) force per unit of charge exerted on an infinitesimal positive test charge at rest at that point.[4][5][6] The SI unit for electric field strength is volt per meter (V/m).[7] Newtons per coulomb (N/C) is also used as a unit of electric field strength. Electric fields are created by electric charges, or by time-varying magnetic fields. Electric fields are important in many areas of physics, and are exploited practically in electrical technology. On an atomic scale, the electric field is responsible for the attractive force between the atomic nucleus and electrons that holds atoms together, and the forces between atoms that cause chemical bonding. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces (or interactions) of nature.
Electrostatic fields are electric fields which do not change with time, which happens when charges and currents are stationary. In that case, Coulomb's law fully describes the field.[13]
Electric potential
Main article: Conservative vector field § Irrotational vector fields
If a system is static, such that magnetic fields are not time-varying, then by Faraday's law, the electric field is curl-free. In this case, one can define an electric potential, that is, a function {\displaystyle \Phi }\Phi such that {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \Phi } \mathbf{E} = -\nabla \Phi .[14] This is analogous to the gravitational potential.
Parallels between electrostatic and gravitational fields
Coulomb's law, which describes the interaction of electric charges:
{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\left({\frac {Q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {\mathbf {\hat {r}} }{|\mathbf {r} |^{2}}}\right)=q\mathbf {E} }
\mathbf{F}=q\left(\frac{Q}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{\mathbf{\hat{r}}}{|\mathbf{r}|^2}\right)=q\mathbf{E}
is similar to Newton's law of universal gravitation:
{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\left(-GM{\frac {\mathbf {\hat {r}} }{|\mathbf {r} |^{2}}}\right)=m\mathbf {g} }
\mathbf{F}=m\left(-GM\frac{\mathbf{\hat{r}}}{|\mathbf{r}|^2}\right)=m\mathbf{g}
(where {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} =\mathbf {\frac {r}{|r|}} }{\mathbf {{\hat {r}}}}={\mathbf {{\frac {r}{|r|}}}}).
This suggests similarities between the electric field E and the gravitational field g, or their associated potentials. Mass is sometimes called "gravitational charge".[15]
Electrostatic and gravitational forces both are central, conservative and obey an inverse-square law.
Uniform fields
A uniform field is one in which the electric field is constant at every point. It can be approximated by placing two conducting plates parallel to each other and maintaining a voltage (potential difference) between them; it is only an approximation because of boundary effects (near the edge of the planes, electric field is distorted because the plane does not continue). Assuming infinite planes, the magnitude of the electric field E is:
{\displaystyle E=-{\frac {\Delta V}{d}}}{\displaystyle E=-{\frac {\Delta V}{d}}}
where ΔV is the potential difference between the plates and d is the distance separating the plates. The negative sign arises as positive charges repel, so a positive charge will experience a force away from the positively charged plate, in the opposite direction to that in which the voltage increases. In micro- and nano-applications, for instance in relation to semiconductors, a typical magnitude of an electric field is in the order of 106 V⋅m−1, achieved by applying a voltage of the order of 1 volt between conductors spaced 1 µm apart.
Electrodynamic fields
Main article: Electrodynamics
Electrodynamic fields are electric fields which do change with time, for instance when charges are in motion.
The electric field cannot be described independently of the magnetic field in that case. If A is the magnetic vector potential, defined so that {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =\nabla \times \mathbf {A} } \mathbf{B} = \nabla \times \mathbf{A} , one can still define an electric potential {\displaystyle \Phi }\Phi such that:
{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \Phi -{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} }{\partial t}}}{\mathbf {E}}=-\nabla \Phi -{\frac {\partial {\mathbf {A}}}{\partial t}}
One can recover Faraday's law of induction by taking the curl of that equation
Answer:
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Explanation:
Definition
An electric field is the force that the space around every electric charge or group of charges. Electric fields are caused by electrical forces. Electrical forces are similar to gravitational forces in that they act between things that are not in contact with each other. Electric fields are also analogous to magnetic fields resulting from forces acting upon magnetic substances or magnet poles. Electromagnetic waves have both an electric field and a magnetic field that are coupled to each other. Mathematically, the magnitude (or the strength) of an electric field at any point is defined by the force experienced by the charge at that point divided by the charge. This concept is written mathematically as E = F / q. Electric field strength is measured in units of newtons/coulomb. Electric fields are either static or dynamic.
Static Electric Fields
Static electric fields, or electrostatic fields, are produced by stationary charges and are uncoupled to magnetic fields. You may have experienced this same phenomenon when laundry items cling to one another during removal from the dryer. Lightning is also caused by the very strong static electric field between a cloud and the earth.