Question

What is Zener effect and Avalanche effect?

Answer 1

Zener effect is

The Zener effect is a type of electrical breakdown that occurs in a reverse-biased PN junction when the electric field enables tunnelling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor, leading to a large number of free minority carriers which suddenly increase the reverse current.

Avalanche effect is

the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly, the output changes significantly.