what makes indian graph of constitution
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The Constitution of India (IAST: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna) is the supreme law of India.[1] The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. It the longest written constitution of any country on earth.
It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament), and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble.[5] Parliament cannot override the constitution.
It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Indiaon 26 November 1949, and became effective on 26 January 1950.[6] The constitution replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395.[7] India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.[8]
The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular,[9][10] democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.[11]
The constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[14] The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India) took almost three years to draft the constitution, holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.[2][13]
Membership
B. R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly,[2][13] which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community,[2] and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi.[2] Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians.[2] Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.[2] Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly.[2] Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaurand Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.[2]
The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president.[13][14] It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[2][14][15]
According to Granville Austin, "The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[i][67] The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility.[68] John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, said that a constitution's "great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves."[69] A document "intended to endure for ages to come",[70] it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context.
The executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it.[44] With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. The President of India is head of the executive branch, under Articles 52 and 53, with the duty of preserving, protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60. Article 74provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers, which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties. The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75(3).
It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament), and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble.[5] Parliament cannot override the constitution.
It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Indiaon 26 November 1949, and became effective on 26 January 1950.[6] The constitution replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395.[7] India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.[8]
The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular,[9][10] democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.[11]
The constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[14] The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India) took almost three years to draft the constitution, holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.[2][13]
Membership
B. R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly,[2][13] which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community,[2] and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi.[2] Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians.[2] Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.[2] Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly.[2] Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaurand Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.[2]
The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president.[13][14] It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[2][14][15]
According to Granville Austin, "The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[i][67] The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility.[68] John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, said that a constitution's "great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves."[69] A document "intended to endure for ages to come",[70] it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context.
The executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it.[44] With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. The President of India is head of the executive branch, under Articles 52 and 53, with the duty of preserving, protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60. Article 74provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers, which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties. The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75(3).
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