What may be the adverse effects of unequal behaviors in a neighborhood?
Answers
Answer:
Living in an unequal society causes stress and status anxiety, which may damage your health. In more equal societies people live longer, are less likely to be mentally ill or obese and there are lower rates of infant mortality.
Your Answer:
The neighbourhood effect is an economic and social science concept that posits that neighbourhoods have either a direct or indirect effect on individual behaviors. Although the effect of the neighbourhood was already known and studied at the beginning of the 20th century and as early as the mid 19th century, it has become a popular approach after the publication of the book The Truly Disadvantaged by William Julius Wilson in 1987. Wilson's theory suggests that living in a neighbourhood seriously affected by poverty affects a wide range of individual outcomes, such as economic self-sufficiency, violence, drug use, low birthweight, and cognitive ability. Many scholars and activists consider Wilson's book, “The Truly Disadvantaged” the "bible" of scholarship on the neighborhood effect. President Obama was inspired by Wilson's book to sign a $840-billion stimulus bill to assist poor inner cities with money for schools, cops, homelessness. “The Truly Disadvantaged” has been a stepping stone for a great deal of research on the neighborhood effect, particularly on education, exploring the impacts of one's neighborhoods on an individual's outcome and performance in life.
In more recent years neighbourhood effects have been also studied in epidemiology, gerontology, psychology, public health, and urban design. For example, Murray and colleagues have shown that older workers living in areas with higher unemployment are less likely to be in work ten years later and retire at earlier ages. A small number of studies using data from across the life course have found that neighbourhood effects on health and well-being outcomes tend to accumulate as people age. However, it is currently unknown whether this is due to an accumulation of exposure over the life course or due to unequal selection of individuals into advantaged and disadvantaged neighbourhoods over time.
Some research has shown that the living conditions of the neighbourhood interact with individual's negative life events. The same event is more likely to trigger depression in disadvantaged neighbourhoods than in neighbourhoods with a good quality of life. This hypothesis is supported by Catherine Ross who shows that socially disordered neighborhoods are associated with depressive symptoms. Gonzalez and colleagues argue that restricted social environments, such as family, interact with a wider definition of the environment, namely the neighbourhood and the community, fostering the perception about future living conditions. Gan developed a transdisciplinary neighborhood health framework based on an integrative review of articles about neighborhood effects on health of older adults.
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