what measures were taken by the Britishers to solve the problem of indigo cultivation.
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By the later half of the 19th Century, to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo, the EIC forced peasants to produce other crops. Like Tea in Assam, Rice in madras, Jute in Bengal, Wheat in Punjab, Sugar cane in UP.
India at that point was the leading producer of Indigo. Indigo produced a colour, blue which was used in Morris Prints. Hence, the demand for indigo increased. While the demand for indigo increased, its supplies from other places like the American and West Indies significantly decreased because of multiple reasons. Between 1783 and 1789 the production of indigo in the world was reduced by half.
In such circumstances, the EIC looked for ways to expand indigo cultivation in India. They were very moved by the high profits aspect of Indigo and hence started cultivating indigo in India.
Two methods were followed for the purpose of indigo cultivation:
Nij System – Indigo was produced by planters in land that were directly controlled by them. The land was either rented or bought from the zamindars. Although, the major issue with this system was that the planters couldn’t easily expand the area as it required many ploughs and bullocks. Thus, the planters were not willing to expand the areas.
Ryoti System – Under his system, peasants were made to sign an agreement/satta and got cash advances at a low rate of interest to cultivate indigo. Soon after the peasants realised how the loan system was and that they couldn’t cultivate rice on the same land. As a result, they refused to cultivate indigo.
Having realised the disadvantage of indigo cultivation, peasants refuse to cultivate indigo. They believed that they would get support from the British government in their struggle. The government established an indigo commission to enquire about indigo production. The commission suggested the ryots complete their existing contract and then stop cultivating indigo. After the revolt of 1857, indigo production collapsed.
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