What navigation techniques or technologies helped to encourage exploration in Portugal in the 16th century.
Answers
Answer:
The history of navigation is the history of seafaring, the art of directing vessels upon the open sea through the establishment of its position and course by means of traditional practice, geometry, astronomy, or special instruments. Many peoples have excelled as seafarers, prominent among them the Austronesians (Islander Southeast Asians, Malagasy, Islander Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians), the Harappans, the Phoenicians, the Iranians, the ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs, the ancient Indians, the Norse, the Chinese, the Venetians, the Genoese, the Hanseatic Germans, the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, the French, the Dutch and the Danes.
Explanation:
Mediterranean
Sailors navigating in the Mediterranean made use of several techniques to determine their location, including staying in sight of land and understanding of the winds and their tendencies. Minoans of Crete are an example of an early Western civilization that used celestial navigation. Their palaces and mountaintop sanctuaries exhibit architectural features that align with the rising sun on the equinoxes, as well as the rising and setting of particular stars.[3] The Minoans made sea voyages to the island of Thera and to Egypt.[4] Both of these trips would have taken more than a day's sail for the Minoans and would have left them traveling by night across open water.[4] Here the sailors would use the locations of particular stars, especially those of the constellation Ursa Major, to orient the ship in the correct direction.[4]
Written records of navigation using stars, or celestial navigation, go back to Homer's Odyssey where Calypso tells Odysseus to keep the Bear (Ursa Major) on his left hand side and at the same time to observe the position of the Pleiades, the late-setting Boötes and the Orion as he sailed eastward from her island Ogygia traversing the Ocean.[5] The Greek poet Aratus wrote in his Phainomena in the third century BC detailed positions of the constellations as written by Eudoxos.[6] The positions described do not match the locations of the stars during Aratus' or Eudoxos' time for the Greek mainland, but some argue that they match the sky from Crete during the Bronze Age.[6] This change in the position of the stars is due to the wobble of the Earth on its axis which affects primarily the pole stars.[7] Around 1000 BC the constellation Draco would have been closer to the North Pole than Polaris.[8] The pole stars were used to navigate because they did not disappear below the horizon and could be seen consistently throughout the night.[7]
By the third century BC the Greeks had begun to use the Little Bear, Ursa Minor, to navigate.[9] In the mid-1st century AD Lucan writes of Pompey who questions a sailor about the use of stars in navigation. The sailor replies with his description of the use of circumpolar stars to navigate by.[10] To navigate along a degree of latitude a sailor would have needed to find a circumpolar star above that degree in the sky.[11] For example, Apollonius would have used β Draconis to navigate as he traveled west from the mouth of the Alpheus River to Syracuse.[11]
The voyage of the Greek navigator Pytheas of Massalia is a particularly notable example of a very long, early voyage.[12] A competent astronomer and geographer,[12] Pytheas ventured from Greece through the strait of Gibraltar to Western Europe and the British Isles.[12] Pytheas is the first known person to describe the Midnight Sun,[Note 2] polar ice, Germanic tribes and possibly Stonehenge. Pytheas also introduced the idea of distant "Thule" to the geographic imagination and his account is the earliest to state that the moon is the cause of the tides.
Nearchos's celebrated voyage from India to Susa after Alexander's expedition in India is preserved in Arrian's account, the Indica. Greek navigator Eudoxus of Cyzicus explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. According to Poseidonius, later reported in Strabo's Geography, the monsoon wind system of the Indian Ocean was first sailed by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 or 116 BC.[13]
Nautical charts and textual descriptions known as sailing directions have been in use in one form or another since the sixth century BC.[14] Nautical charts using stereographic and orthographic projections date back to the second century BC.[14]
In 1900, the Antikythera mechanism was recovered from Antikythera wreck. This mechanism was built around 1st century BC.
Explanation:
The Portuguese Role in Exploring and Mapping the New WorldPortugal, the western-most European country, was one of the primary players in the European Age of Discovery and Exploration. Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal took the principal role during most of the fifteenth century in searching for a route to Asia by sailing south around Africa. In the process, the Portuguese accumulated a wealth of knowledge about navigation and the geography of the Atlantic Ocean.
In the last decade of the fifteenth century, Christopher Columbus set out on a westerly course across the Atlantic Ocean searching for an alternative route to the Indies but inadvertently "discovered" a new continent. Although neither Portuguese-born nor sponsored, Columbus was Portuguese trained. He went to Lisbon in 1476 and remained there for several years, seeking the support of the Portuguese king and gathering nautical and geographic intelligence from the returning sailors. He married a Portuguese woman; obtained navigation charts and related information from his father-in-law, Bartholomew Perestrelo, who was the governor of the island of Porto Santo in Madeira; and was employed by João II as a navigator.
After Columbus voyages to the New World, the Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and English began the active exploration and exploitation of the newly discovered land in the Americas. Portuguese sailors continued to make important discoveries in this new arena as well.