What problems were there before the ghumantu kashtkar in british rule?
Answers
Answer:
GHUMANTU KASHTKAR is also known as zamindars....
Explanation:
Under Mughals, the emperor owned title to everything, he appointed the Zamindars & set the tax.
The British inherited the tax but made the Zamindars the land lords & fixed the amount of tax forever (roughly 30% and the Zamindar kept 1/11th).
Criticism; although the Mughal said he owned all, that wasn't how the villagers saw it. They believed they owned it with the Panchayat controlling it.
The Zamindar was supposed to become like a European lord who cares for his peasants. He did not. He was supposed to care & improve his land. Instead the ownership of the land with revenue became a commodity.
The tax was paid in silver. So the Zamindar as wholesaler, merchant, bank - took 30% of tax amount, not value of goods.
If the Zamindar did not pay by sunset of the due day he forfeited the land, to be auctioned off.
In 1774–90 the Zamindar retained his traditional legal position at head of village court, but in practice continued to 'rule'.
As the position was now inherited the Zamindars became a powerful lobby of rich & educated for their own interests over the peasants.
Many Zamindars farmed the rent collection out to managers, they were coercive & extractive because they had no links to the people.
The final effect is remember; their rent was fixed in 1790. In 1947 they paid the same amount. Their lives were very luxurious. Yet the peasant (who in theory paid a pittance) was suffering in poverty.
I hope this anwer is helpful......