Question

What refers to man machine relationship designed to match technology to human requirements ​

Answer 1

Answer:

he origin of HRA is in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), the discipline developed for understanding and quantifying the risks of a serious accident at a nuclear power plant. (The pioneering work is the WASH-1400 report .) HRA is the approach used to identify potential operator failures and to systematically estimate the probability of these failures using data, models, or expert judgment.

PRA identifies events that may initiate an accident (eg, loss of core coolant, earthquake) and produces sequence models (ie, various sequences of initiating and aggravating events and their outcomes). Sequence models are usually represented as event trees, for which probabilities are given for the likelihood of each event. When an event is a human action or an interaction between humans and machines, appropriate use of HRA provides the necessary input to the overall PRA sequence model: the probabilities for human failure events (HFEs).

In PRA, the human–machine system is analyzed in terms of the interactions between hardware elements and human operators. In the case of the technical element, failures are described in terms of components (eg, pumps and valves) that fail to perform the designed function (ie, failure as malfunction). Similarly, and broadly speaking, humans fail when the tasks assigned are not performed. In traditional HRA the operators are treated as components that perform different functions in different situations (typically functions that could not be automatized at the time the plants were designed). Swain and Guttman noted in the description of the technique for human error rate prediction (THERP), the most influential and still one of the most-used HRA techniques, that:

The THERP approach uses conventional reliability technology modified to account for greater variability and interdependence of human performance as compared with that of equipment performance The procedures of THERP are similar to those employed in conventional reliability analysis, except that human task activities are substituted for equipment outputs.

The “operator outputs” (the manifestation of the errors) and the failure mechanisms (the causes for the errors) were recognized as more complex for humans than for technical components. For this reason, a detailed analysis of human failure events was assigned to HRA.

Explanation:

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