what's sankranthi? Meaning.
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Answers
It is primarily a harvest festival,celebrated in the rural areas. It is primarily meant to celebrate the start of the harvest season and also the ending of winter too in a way. One thing we need to understand is that Sankranti, occurs throughout the year. It basically means transmigration of the Sun from one Rashi( a Zodiac constellation) to another. In most of the regional calendars which are primarily sidereal solar , Sankranti, marks the beginning of a new month.However the Bengali and Assamese calendar mark Sankranti as the ending of a month. What we celebrate as Sankranti is primarily Makara Sankranti, when the sun transitions into the Makara constellation( Capricorn).
It also marks the start of Uttarayana, when it is believed that the Sun moves towards the Northern hemisphere, and lasts from January to July. While Makara Sankranti is undoubtedly the one that is celebrated most, there are couple of other Sankrantis too which are of equal significance. One is the Mesha Sankranti, when Sun is believed to move into the Mesha( Aries) constellation, and this actually marks the start of the New Year in the Hindu calendar. It is also the period, when regional new year festivals like Baisakhi( Punjab), Pana Sankranti( Odisha) and Pohela Baisakh(Bengal) are celebrated. Dhanu Sankranthi is celebrated on the first day of the month of Pausha( December-January) primarily in Bhutan and Nepal.
Apart from India, Makara Sankranti is also celebrated in some other countries. Nepal celebrates it as Maghe Sankranti, in January, as per their calendar, which marks the beginning of the month of Magha and end of the inauspicious Pausha month. The traditional Thai New Year Day Songkran, is derived from Sankranti, coinciding with entry of Sun into Aries. Thingyan in Myanmar, Pi Ma Lao in Laos and Moha Songkran in Cambodia are also different variants of Sankranti in their respective cultures.
Sankranti is often associated with the Winter Solstice in India, which scientifically speaking is the longest night and the shortest day of the year. Basically what happens here is that as the Earth orbits the Sun, the hemisphere that was facing away from the Sun, experiencing winter, will now face towards the Sun, marking the start of summer. For farmers, it is a crucial time, as it marks the end of the long winter, and beginning of the summer, and a new harvest season. As per Hindu belief, the Dakshinayana( Southern journey) of the Sun ends here, and it’s Uttarayana( Northern journey) towards the Tropic of Cancer, begins. This could be the reason why unlike other Hindu festivals, Sankranti usually falls on a fixed date, January 14 or 15. One more factor is that Sankranti marks the end of a rather inauspicious phase( sometimes in mid-December), and the start of an auspicious time. Bheeshma in the Mahabharat was believed to have passed away on Uttarayan, and therefore it has a religious significance too. While it is celebrated as Makar Sankranti in most Indian states, including Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, there are slight regional variations in other states. Tamilians celebrate it as Thai Pongal, while Gujaratis observe it as Uttarayana. In Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana it is celebrated as Lohri, followed by Maghi, while for the Assamese it is Bhogali Bihu. In Kashmir this is called as Shishur Saenkraat,and Karnataka observes it as Makara Sankraman.