What's the meaning of chemical potential of photons or phonons?
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A massive ideal gas with only one type of particle is uniquely described by three state functions such as the temperature, volume, and the number of particles. ... As a result, the chemical potential of the black bodyphoton gas is zero.
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Chemical potential is perhaps best understood in analogy with temperature. You can think of temperature as a parameter associated with the distribution of energies (the broader the distribution, the higher the temperature), or you can think of it as something imposed on the system by the environment (high temperature in the environment causes heat to flow into the system, resulting in a higher expected energy of the system once equilibrium is established).
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