what social indicators are look at for power in a region
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Answer:
The social indicators presented in this chapter illus- trate in broad terms how the Nation is faring in selected areas. Indicators are drawn from six domains: economic, demographic and civic, socioeconomic, health, security and safety, and environment and energy.
Social and cultural
Social indicators of child abuse are environmental, neighborhood, and community factors which may facilitate child maltreatment. Maltreating families are often isolated from social support networks, although whether social isolation is a cause or consequence of abuse is currently unknown. However, the higher maltreatment rates among single parents within industrialized societies and among cultures with polygynous marital forms in which women and children often live apart from the male parent suggest that social isolation may be conducive to higher levels of maltreatment. Moreover, research conducted with maltreating and nonmaltreating parental groups who are matched in terms of other variables (e.g., poverty, IQ) suggests that maltreating parents receive less social support than nonabusive parents.
Specific social factors have been correlated with particular types of maltreatment. Child neglect is more common among families characterized by unpredictable, chaotic organizational styles. Physical abuse has been associated with high levels of family conflict, authoritarian parenting styles, and domestic assaults between adults living in the home. Substance abuse in the form of harmful alcohol and drug use has been associated with maltreatment, particularly physical and sexual abuse, but the research findings in this area are inconsistent. The role of ethnic culture in the incidence and treatment of abuse has been neglected by child abuse researchers and findings from past studies of links between ethnicity and maltreatment are contradictory. Culture impacts family organization and the climate in which abuse occurs, the likelihood that abuse will be disclosed, and whether families seek or accept social or mental health services.