Question

what steps were taken by Balban to strengthen the position of the sultan?​

Answer 1

Answer:

The 2 measures that were adopted by Balban to strengthen the position of the Sultan is: 1) Balban introduced the ritual of kissing the Sultan's feet to glorify Sutan's position and status. 2) He introduced the ritual of Sidjah to enhance Sultan's status.

Explanation:

Balban's reign, according to Ziauddin Barani, was to install "Fear of the governing power, which is the basis of all good government." Furthermore, he "maintained that the Sultan was the 'shadow of God' and introduced rigorous court discipline." He depended upon Turkish nobility but formed an army of 2 lakh made up of all castes. A portion of this army was made up of commandos.[3] Balban had several military achievements during his vizierhood, first raising the Mongol siege of Uch under Masud Shah in 1246.

When the governor of Bengal, Tughral Tughan Khan, revoked the authority of Delhi in 1275, Balban first sent the governor of Awadh and then a second army, both of which met with failure. Balban then accompanied a third army which reconquered the country, killing Tughral and his followers. His son, Nasiruddin Bughra Khan, assisted him in this mission.[4] Balban then placed his second son, Bughra Khan, as governor. However, Bughra declared independence after Balban's death, which he maintained for 40 years.[3]

One of the famous military campaigns of Balban was against Meo, or Mayo, the people of Mewat who used to plunder the people of Delhi even in the daylight. The distress caused by the Meo is well described in Barani's words:He has killed many Mayos in his military campaign.

The turbulence of the Mewatis had increased, and their strength had grown in the neighbourhood of Dehli, through the dissolute habits and negligence of the elder sons of Shams ud-dín, and the incapacity of the youngest, Násiru-d dín. At night they used to come prowling into the city, giving all kinds of trouble, depriving the people of their rest; and they plundered the country houses in the neighbourhood of the city. In the neighbourhood of Dehli there were large and dense jungles, through which many roads passed. The disaffected in the Doáb, and the outlaws towards Hindustan grew bold and took to robbery on the highway, and they so beset the roads that caravans and merchants were unable to pass. The daring of the Mewatis in the neighbourhood of Dehli was carried to such an extent that the western gates of the city were shut at afternoon prayer, and no one dared to go out of the city in that direction after that hour, whether he travelled as a pilgrim or with the display of a sovereign. At afternoon prayer the Mewatis would often come to the Sar-hauz, and assaulting the water-carriers and the girls who were fetching water, they would strip them and carry off their clothes. These daring acts of the Mewatis had caused a great ferment in Delhi.

Balban took upon himself the exterminating the turbulent tribes of Mewat and Awadh, destroying strongholds and villages. He then built military outposts, gave land to soldiers and Afghans to settle. He garrisoned forts at key locations, cleared forests and ensured safe roads. He also unsuccessfully laid siege to the fortress of Ranthambore, but did recapture Gwalior from the Rajputs.[3]

In 1247, Balban suppressed a rising of the Chandela Chief of Kalinjar.

Balban's military reign also distinguished with his success repelling Mongol army. This could be achieved because his cavalry horses were better suited to Indian climate and naturally bred larger than Mongol's horses. The extreme heat of summer constituted the Mongols’ problem in India, as the quotation from Juvaini indicates. Their incursions seem to have been brief, even when not defeated by the forces of Delhi, and to have taken place in winter, because only then was it cool enough for the comfort of the Mongols' horses

Answer 2

Balban implemented two methods to enhance the Sultan's position:

1. Balban established the custom of kissing the Sultan's feet to strengthen the Sultan's status.
2. He established the Sidjah rite to strengthen Sultan's standing.

• Ziauddin Barani claimed that Balban's rule brought about the "Fear of the governing power, which is the foundation of all good government." He also "established strict judicial discipline and claimed that the Sultan was the the shadow of God."
• Despite relying on Turkish nobility, he assembled a 2 lakh-strong army made up of people from all castes.
• Commandos made up a section of this force.
• The first military accomplishment of Balban's viziership was the raising of the Mongol siege of Uch in 1246 under Masud Shah.
• Balban took it upon himself to wipe out the warring tribes of Mewat and Awadh by razing towns and castles.
• He then constructed military outposts and provided soldiers and Afghans with land to reside.
• He cleared forests, maintained secure roadways, and garrisoned forts in strategic sites.
• He also tried to take Ranthambore's castle, but was unsuccessful; nonetheless, he succeeded in taking Gwalior back from the Rajputs.
• Balban put down the rise of the Chandela Chief of Kalinjar in 1247.
• Balban's military rule was notable for his effectiveness in fending off the Mongol invasion.
• This was possible because his cavalry horses were naturally larger than Mongol horses and more adapted to the temperature in India.
• The quote from Juvaini suggests that the Mongols' issue in India was the intense summer heat.

• Even when they were not repulsed by Delhi's armies, their incursions appear to have been brief and only occurred during the winter because only then was the weather chilly enough for the comfort of the Mongols' horses.

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