what type of dispute are taken off by Supreme Court ?
Answers
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The Constitution established the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction to provide a tribunal of the highest stature for disputes to which a state was a party and for cases involving the representatives of foreign nations. In practice, the Supreme Court has only rarely exercised its jurisdiction over foreign officials. Instead, the Supreme Court's original docket has been dedicated largely to resolving disputes between state governments.
Article III, section 2, of the Constitution distributes the federal judicial power between the Supreme Court's appellate and original jurisdiction, providing that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction in "all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls," and in cases to which a state is a party. In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress made the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction exclusive in suits between two or more states, between a state and a foreign government, and in suits against ambassadors and other public ministers. The Supreme Court's jurisdiction over the remainder of suits to which a state was a party was to be concurrent, presumably with state courts since the statute did not expressly confer these cases upon the inferior federal courts.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, federal justices and judges differed on the question of whether state and inferior federal courts could constitutionally exercise jurisdiction in cases that fell within the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction under Article III. In the case of Farquhar v. Georgia in 1793, the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Georgia ruled that an individual could not sue a state in a federal circuit court because the Constitution's grant of original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court was exclusive. The U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Pennsylvania ruled that same year, however, in the case of United States v. Ravara , that the circuit courts could exercise criminal jurisdiction over a foreign consul, despite Article III's provision that the Supreme Court exercised original jurisdiction over "all cases affecting" consuls. In his 1803 opinion in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that Congress could not confer the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction on any other court. The Supreme Court did not settle the question until the 1888 decision in Ames v. Kansas , in which the Court ruled that parties embraced by the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction could bring suit in any court with jurisdiction over the parties or subject matter.