Question

what us validity. of year please answer it​

Answer 1

Validity is a measure of how correct the results of an experiment are.You can increase the validity of an experiment by controlling more variables, improving measurement technique, increasing randomization to reduce sample bias, blinding the experiment, and adding control or placebo groups.

Answer 2

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At the outset, researchers need to consider the face validity of a questionnaire. That is, to a layperson, does it look like it will measure what it is intended to measure? In our example, would the people administering and taking the questionnaire think it a valid measure of depression? Do the questions and range of response options seem, on their face, appropriate for measuring depression?

Researchers also need to consider the content validity of the questionnaire; that is, will it actually measure what it is intended to measure. Researchers often rely on subject-matter experts to help determine this. In our case, the researchers could turn to experts in depression to consider their questions against the known symptoms of depression (e.g. depressed mood, sleeping problems and weight changes).

When questionnaires are measuring something abstract, researchers also need to establish its construct validity. This refers to the questionnaire’s ability to measure the abstract concept adequately. In this case, the researchers could have given a questionnaire on a similar construct, such as anxiety, to see if the results were related, as one would expect. Or they could have given a questionnaire on a different construct, such as happiness, to see if the results were the opposite.

It may sometimes be appropriate for researchers to establish criterion validity; that is, the extent to which the measurement tool is able to produce accurate findings when compared to a “gold standard.” In this case, the gold standard would be clinical diagnoses of depression. The researchers could see how their questionnaire results relate to actual clinical diagnoses of depression among the workers surveyed.