what was Kautilya Mandat theory
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"Your neighbour is your natural enemy and the neighbour's neighbour is your friend" .
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Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur
The presented project is analysis of the one of the most important theories given by Kautilya, which is the Mandala theory, which deals with the interstate relations and the foreign policies of that period. Kautilya always remained with a viewpoint that there could be any harmonious relationship between two neighboring states. Kautilya wanted the expansion of the empire with harsh measures. When one explores over the Kautilya’s discussion over his domestic policies, he will find that Kautilya's discussions are of war and diplomacy. His Diplomacy was just another weapon used in the prolonged warfare that was always either occurring or being planned for. But yet, his analyses are fascinating and far-reaching, such as his wish to have his king become a world conqueror (here, one needs to understand that by Kautilya’s world, he meant to conquer that land which the ancient Indians believed were the natural borders of India. In other words, the land bordered in the north by the Himalayas down to the Indian Ocean, and from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal.) His evaluation of which kingdoms are natural allies and which are inevitable enemies, his willingness to make treaties that he knew he would break, his doctrine of silent war or a war of assassination and contrived revolt against an unsuspecting king, his approval of secret agents who killed enemy leaders and sowed discord among them, his view of women as weapons of war, his use of religion and superstition to bolster his troops and demoralize enemy soldiers, his employment of the spread of disinformation, and his humane treatment of conquered soldiers and subjects.
INTRODUCTION:
Kautaliya's Arthshastra (322-298BC) is brilliant and comprehensive treatise on all aspects of international relations, intelligence and good governance. He always had a wish that his king should become the world conqueror, and hence this mastermind was the chief mentor and a minister who helped first emperor of India Chandragupta Maurya to extend his kingdom to whole of India and beyond up to Afghanistan. The political science propagated by him was referred as 'Rajadharma' (Righteousness of the King) and 'Nitishastra' (Science of Ethics) with ethical course of conduct as hallmark of internal and external policy of the state.
KAUTILYA ON WAR:
“Kautilya did not say to himself, "Prepare for war, but hope for peace," but instead, "Prepare for war, and plan to conquer.”
As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations. While it is good to have an ally, the alliance will last only as long as it is in that ally's as well as one's own self-interest, because "An ally looks to the securing of his own interests in the event of simultaneity of calamities and in the event of the growth of the enemy's power." Whether one goes to war or remains at peace depends entirely upon the self-interest of or advantage to, one's kingdom: "War and peace are considered solely from the point of view of profit."One keeps an ally not because of good will or moral obligation, but because one is strong and can advance ones own self-interest as well as the self-interest of the ally, for "when one has an army, one's ally remains friendly or (even) the enemy becomes friendly." As said once by Chanakya, “There is some self-interest behind every friendship.
There is no Friendship without self-interests. This is a bitter truth.” Because nations always act in their political, economic and military self-interest, even times of peace have the potential to turn abruptly into times of war, allies into enemies, and even enemies into allies.
In the world of international politics, it is only "natural" that nations interact with each other through "dissension and force." A political realist typically argues that there will always be conflict in international relations and, in effect, rule by the strongest. Kautilya, in the boldest of his promises, claimed that one who knows his science of politics can conquer the world, that "One possessed of personal qualities, though ruling over a small territory. Conversant with (the science of) politics, does conquer the entire earth, never loses." There is no modesty here. Kautilya's science brings an abundance of wealth and details correct strategies in politics and war. With this science anyone can succeed: "And winning over and purchasing men of energy, those possessed of might, even women, children, lame and blind persons, have conquered the world." Kautilya did not see t Kautilya.
MANDALA THEORY:
Y natural enemy."
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