What was the firm belief of our constitutional makers regarding the educational qualifications of voters??
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The right to participate in public matters directly as a voter is usually regulated by laws of maximum or federal status, generally the constitution itself, since voting is one of the essential political rights. To be precise, the great majority of constitutions establish the age that citizens gain the right to vote in electoral processes and in referendums. The detailed regulation of other possible requirements, such as civil or political capacity, residence or the voters register may appear in the constitution or in the electoral laws of each state. The recognition of the right to vote is one of the aspects of the electoral system on which practically all constitutions contain specifications, insofar as it forms an essential part of the definition of what citizenship consists of. The great majority of them specify the required age. It is a matter of an essential political right, whose extension has been linked to the extension of the very idea of representative democracy. In effect, universal suffrage has historically been identified with the democratic principles to the point that it has become an indisputable element of any democratic regime (see Minority Provisions.) But throughout this evolution the requirements for the right to vote have often varied, from the voting right limited to males with certain levels of income, properties or education, excluding women and other males for various reasons, to the egalitarian generalisation of votes, the age required and the limitations based on gender, civil state and even occupation.
Evidently, voting has to be personal, in the sense that the electoral system has to guarantee that the vote expresses the preferences of each citizen. This requirement, which may seem elementary, poses problems in patriarchal societies, especially in the early stages of political transition, where democratic behaviour is not yet consolidated. In this regard the experience of Azerbaijan is paradigmatic (see Inadequate Control of the Personal Vote in Azerbaijan).
The requirements that define the right to active suffrage today, are age, citizenship and the full possession of civil and political rights. Along with these, registration on the voters list sometimes appears as a requirement to be able to assert the right to vote in each specific case. The place of residence at the time of voting, may have some relevance.
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