What was the instructional tradition in ancient China?
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Answer:
Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are considered the “three pillars” of ancient Chinese society. As philosophies and religions, they not only influenced spirituality, but also government, science, the arts, and social structure.
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Ancient Chinese education began with classic works, namely, the Four Books and the Five Classics (Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects, and Mencius; Classic of Poetry, Book of Documents, Book of Rites, I Ching, and Spring and Autumn Annals), regarded as cardinal texts that one had to learn, in order to understand the authentic thought of Confucianism. Beginning from the time of the Xia dynasty (2070-1600 BC), it was traditional for ancient kings and emperors to select well-educated officials to assist them in administering their kingdoms.
The civil service examination system for selecting officials was established by Emperor Yang (569-618 AD) of the Sui dynasty (581-618). It was further refined by Emperor Taizong (598-649) of the Tang dynasty (618-907). It was not until the late Qing dynasty (1644-1911) that the civil service examination system was dismantled by Yuan Shikai (1859-1916), and replaced by a more western education system. Since the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese education system has been modeled on the Russian system, with perhaps more spoon-feeding and rote-learning than in some other countries.