What was the problem with Ceasar's calendar?
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Leap years repeated February 23; there was no February 29 in the Julian calendar. To align the civic and solar calendars, Caesar added days to 46 bce, so that it contained 445 days. Because of misunderstandings, the calendar was not established in smooth operation until 8 ce.
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One of the problems that Julius Caesar wanted to solve, was that of the calendar. The old republican calendar did have twelve months that were supposed to be more or less as long as the moon cycles. However, twelve lunar months correspond to 355 days; the deficiency was made up by the random additions of "intercalary" months. In Caesar's days, the calendar was seriously out of pace with the seasons. Following an advice of Cleopatra's court astronomer, he added 67 days to the year 45 BCE and introduced the modern European calendar with twelve months of 30 and 31 days. The reform is described by Plutarch of Chaeronea (46-c.120) in chapter 59 of his Life of Julius Caesar.
The translation below was made by Robin Seager.
- Caesar's reform of the calendar and the corrections made in the irregularity of reckoning time were not only studied by him with the greatest scientific skill, but were brought into effect and proved extremely useful.
- In very ancient times there had been great confusion among the Romans with regard to the relation of the lunar to the solar year, with the result that festivals and days of sacrifice gradually got out place and finally came to be celebrated at the very opposite seasons to what was originally intended.
- Nor was the confusion confined to the remote past. Even at this time most people were completely ignorant on these subjects; only the priests knew the proper time, and they, without giving any notice, would suddenly insert in the calendar the intercalary month known as Mercedonius
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