Question

what were the changes brought in the judicial system during the British period

Answer 1

its,,,...British General Charles Cornwallis, the Earl Cornwallis, was appointed in February 1786 to serve as both Commander-in-Chief of British India and Governor of the Presidency of Fort William, also known as the Bengal Presidency. He oversaw the consolidation of British control over much of peninsular India, setting the stage for the British Raj. He was also instrumental in enacting administrative and legal reforms that fundamentally altered civil administration and land management practices there. According to historian Jerry Dupont, Cornwallis was responsible for "laying the foundation for British rule throughout India and setting standards for the services, courts, and revenue collection that remained remarkably unaltered almost to the end of the British era."[1]

He was raised to the title of Marquess Cornwallis in 1792 as recognition for his performance in the Third Anglo-Mysore War, in which he extracted significant concessions from the Mysorean ruler, Tipu Sultan. Returned to England in 1793, he was engaged in administrative and diplomatic postings until 1798, when he was posted to the Kingdom of Ireland as Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief. In 1801, he was again posted to India. He arrived in July 1805 and died in October in Ghazipur.

Answer 2

• According to the new system of justice, two courts, namely, a criminal court (faujdariadalat ) and a civil court ( diwaniadalat ) were established in each district. In addition to these, the SadarDiwaniAdalat (a court of appeal in civil cases) and SadarNizamatAdalat (a court of appeal in criminal cases) for revising and confirming sentences were established in Calcutta.

• The criminal courts remained in the hands of a qazi and a mufti who were supervised by the collector. The civil courts were presided over by the collector. The main job of the collector was to collect taxes, and maintain law and order in his district for which he could take the help of judges, police officers and darogas .In 1774, the Supreme Court was established in Calcutta under the Regulating Act of

• 1773. The foundation of the two notable developments in the fi eld of judicial administration– the codification of laws and the establishment of the High Court was laid during the administration of the Company. A Law Commission

• was constituted to codify all the Indian laws, thus the principle of the Rule of Law was introduced for the entire country irrespective of caste and creed thereby established the concept of equality before law. The Indian High Courts Act of 1861 authorisedestablishment of High Courts in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay by amalgamating the Supreme and Sadar Courts.

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